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KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF FINANCING REAL ESTATE PURCHASE THROUGH MORTGAGE IN NIGERIA

Format: MS WORD  |  Chapter: 1-5  |  Pages: 62  |  768 Users found this project useful  |  Price NGN5,000

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1         BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Everyone dreams of owning property someday but with the constant rise in Nigerian  property  prices,  saving  towards  buying  some piece  of  real  estate seems  almost  impossible-  particularly  for  young people  in  Nigeria.  Although  saving  towards  acquiring  property  is  one option,  it  may  often  be  disheartening  because  each  time  a  certain amount  has  been  saved,  one  discovers  that  the  property  prices  have risen  and  once  again  the  asset  is  just  out  of  reach.  Mortgaging property may break this frustrating cycle.

Housing has been universally accepted as a very important and essential human need.  In fact, world  acclaimed  American psychologist Abraham Maslow  ranked  shelter  as  second  only  to  food  in  his  hierarchy of  human  needs.  This  form  of  security  is  thus  a  basic  necessity  of  life  which  every  Nigerian  should  readily  have  access  to  without  deprivation.  One  of  the  most  worrisome  features of  Nigerian  urban  centers  is  the  growing  level  of  over-crowding  and in  some  cases  outright  homelessness.  It is common  place  to  see  families  of  eight  persons  in  a  single  room  in a tenement  building  usually  referred  to  as  per  room  per  room  or  face  me  I  face  you.  One index used  to  measure  the  quality  of  life  is  housing,  and  improving  the  quality  of life  is  the  whole  essence  of  government  and governance.

The  housing  sector  plays  a  more  critical  role  in  a  country’s  welfare than  is  always  recognized,  as it  directly  affects  not  only  the  well-being  of  the  citizenry,  but  also  the  performance  of  other  sectors  of the  economy.  Adequate  housing  provisions  has  since  the  early  1970s  consistently  engaged  the  attention  of  most  countries,  especially  the  developing  ones,  for  a  number  of  reasons.  First,  it  is  one  of  the  three  most  important  basic  needs  of  mankind –  the  others  being  food  and  clothing.  Second,  housing  is  a  very  important  durable  consumer  item,     which  impacts  positively  on productivity,  as  decent housing  significantly  increases  workers  health  and  well –  being,  and  consequently  growth.  Third,  it  is  one  of  the  indices  for  measuring  the  standard  of  living  of  people  across  societies.  Consequently,  programs  of  assistance  in  the  area  of  finance,  provision  of  infrastructure  and  research  have  been  designed  by  governments  to  enhance  it  adequate  delivery.  The focus  in  finance  has  however  been  very  prominent  for  obvious  reasons.  This  is  because  housing  provision  requires  huge  capital  outlay,  which  is  often  beyond the capacity of the medium/low income groups.

In  the  advanced  nations  of  the  world,  particularly  in  Europe  and  America,  mortgage  is  a critical  index  of  economic  development  and  growth.  The  Margaret  Thatcher   administration  used  mortgage  to  move  the  British  economy  to  a  new  level  which  was  improved  upon and  sustained  until  the  present  credit  crisis  which could  be  traced  to  the  sub –  prime  mortgage  crisis  of  the  past  couple  of  years.  The  entire  American  economy  went  on  its  knees  following  the  sub –  prime  crisis  which  underscores  the  central  role  mortgage  can  play  in the  economy  of  any  nation.

In  Nigeria,  mortgage  is  still  at  infancy  and  a  number  of  factors  are  working  against  its  growth  and  development  to  a  point  where  it  can  impact  positively  on  the  economy.  There  is  no  conscious  effort  to  develop  this  important  sector.  Investment  in  the  sector  is  still  very  low  and this  explains  why  after   the  recapitalization and consolidation  of   the  banking  sector  to  the  tune  of  #25 billion,  we  are  yet  to  see  the  impact  of  the  consolidation  on  mortgages.

In  most  African  societies,  long  before  colonialism,  the  provision  of  housing  or  shelter  was  an  individual  responsibility  and  this  trend  obtains  to  the  present  day.  Post  –  colonial  days,  it  has  always  been  assumed  that  since  we  are  now  practicing  a  foreign  system  of  government  and  administration,  the  government  should  now  be  responsible  for  providing  all  basic  needs  for  their  people.  Currently  and  fortuitously,  housing  seems  to  be  a  priority  for  the  federal  government  of   Nigeria  and  this  is  captured  in  president  YarAdua’s  2020  Agenda,  where  the  president  attaches  the  highest  priority  to  affordable  housing  for  the  masses.

There  is  more  to  the  hosing  industry  than  just  building  houses.  In  advanced  countries,  the  industry  includes  anything  related  to  real  estate  and  home  ownership  from  land  title  preparation  and  mortgage  financing  to  material  sourcing  and  manufacturing  –  the  housing  industry  is  an  enormous  market.  A  vast  housing  market  exist  in  Nigeria  given  the  massive  home  deficit  estimated  at  about  14  million  by  the  Federal  Mortgage  Bank  of  Nigeria.

Mortgage  financing  is  a  major  area   of  concern  which  has  often  been  fingered  as  one  of  the  most  formidable  constraints  in  the  housing  sector.  It  is  in  recognition  of  the  critical  importance  of  finance  in  housing  delivery  that  we  have  decided  to  research  on  this  topic.

1.2          STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM   

The  desire  to  reach  a  conclusion  on  the  reason  why  there  is  a  massive  home  deficit  estimated at  about  14 million  by  the  Federal  Mortgage Bank  of  Nigeria  is  what  led  to  this  very  important  study.

The above issue necessitated the following research questions:

What  is  the  level  of  awareness  of  the  average  Nigerian  regarding  mortgage  financing.

What  is  the  attitude  of  people  towards  using  a  mortgage  to  finance  the  purchase  of  private  homes.

What  is  the  opinion  of  members of  the  public  to  the  level  of  provision  of  homes  for  low  income  earners  by  Banks  and  other  primary  mortgage  institutions.

What  is  the  impact  of  the  housing  sector  on  the  Nigerian  economy.

1.3          OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY   

The following are the objectives of the study:

To  determine  the  level  of  awareness  among  Nigeria’s  on  financing  their  real  estate  purchase  through  mortgage.

To  determine  the  extent  to  which  people  are  willing  to  purchase  their  homes  using  mortgages.

To  determine  whether  there  are  adequate  products  provided  by  banks  and  other  primary  mortgage  institutions  for  low  income  earners.

To  determine  how  much  impact  the  housing  sector  has  on  the  Nigerian  economy.

1.4          SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This  study  will  confine  itself  to  the  knowledge  and  attitude  of  people  to  finance  their  purchase  of  homes  using  mortgage.  The  geographical  coverage  of   this  study  will  be  confined  to  Benin  City  Edo  State  where  the  research  was  conducted.

1.5          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The  significance  of  this  research  is  evident  in  the  fact  that  shelter  or  housing  ranks  second  only  to  food  in  the  hierarchy  of  human  needs.  it  also  stretches  beyond  the  academic  perspective  to  other  field  study  and  areas  of  human  endeavors.  Some of them are:

The  general  public:  this  study  will assist  in  increasing  the  level  of  awareness  of  the  general  public  on  the opportunity  they  have  to  actualize  their  dreams  of  owning  a  home  by  using  mortgage.

Banks  and  other  primary  mortgage  institutions:  this  study  will  be  very  useful  to  Banks  and  primary  mortgage  institutions  because  it  will  help  in  showing  them  how  the public  view  and  rate  their  performance.

Government:  this  study  is  relevant  to  the  government  because  housing  play  a  major  role  in the  developmental  process  of  any  society  and  it  will  also help  show  them  how  the  public  feels  about  their  policies  with  respect  to  housing.

1.6          FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESES          

For the purpose of our study the following hypothesis will be tested:

1.     Null Hypothesis  ( H0):  The  level  of  awareness  of  mortgage  financing  in  Nigeria  does  not  have  an  impact  on  the  level  of  private  home ownership.

Alternative  Hypothesis  (H1):  The  level  of  awareness  of  mortgage  financing  in  Nigeria  has  an  impact  on  the  level  of  private  home  ownership.

2.     Null Hypothesis  (H0):  The  average  Nigeria  seeking  a  home  of  his  own  prefer  mortgage  financing.

Alternative  Hypothesis  ( H1):  The  average  Nigerian  seeking  a  home  of  his  own  does  not  prefer  mortgage  financing.

3.     Null Hypothesis  ( H0):  Banks  and  other  primary  mortgage  institutions  are doing  enough  to  provide  homes  for  low  income  earners.

Alternative  Hypothesis  ( H1):  Banks  and  other primary mortgage  institutions  are  not  doing  enough  to  provide  homes  for  low  income  earners.

1.7          LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY   

In  the  course  of  carrying  out  this  research  we  experience  some  constraints.  One  of  such  constraints  was  difficulty  in  getting  access  to  vital  information  considering  the  fact  that  the  mortgage  industry  in  Nigeria  is  still   at  its  infancy  stage,  sourcing  for  quality  information  for  this  research  was  quite  difficult.

Another  constraint   was  that  the  mortgage  companies  visited  were  not  good  at  keeping  records,  as  they  complained  that  relevant  documents  were  not  available  because  they  were  given out  and  were  never  returned.

1.8          DEFINITION OF TERMS

The  following  terms  are  hereby  defined  as  may  be  used  in  the  context  of  this  study:

Mortgage:  Mortgage  can  be  defined  as  a  pledge  of property  as  security  for  the  repayment  of  a  loan  or  the  performance  of  a  duty.  The  pledge  ends  when  the  debt  or  duty  is  discharged.

Real  Estate:  Real  Estate  is  a  legal  term  that  encompasses  land  along  with  anything  permanently  affixed  to  the  land  such  as  building,  specifically  property  that  is  fixed  in  location.

Commission:  Commission  is  money  paid   to  a  real  estate  agent  or  broker  by  the  seller  as  compensation  for  finding  a  buyer  and  completing  the  sale.

Appraisal:  Appraisal  is  expert  judgment  or  estimate  of  the  quality  or  value  of  real  estimate  as  of  a  given  date.

Amortization  period:  This  is  the  time  over  which  all  regular  payments  would  pay  off  the  mortgage.

Mortgage  broker:  A mortgage  broker  is  a  person  that  helps  prospective  buyers  to find  the  best  mortgage deal  for  their  needs  to  complete   the  paper  work  and  complete  the  mortgage  application.

Refinancing:  Refinancing  refers  to  taking  of  a  new  loan  to  clear  the  existing  loan.

Deed (certificate  of  ownership): This  is  the  document  signed  by  the  seller  transferring  ownership  of  the  home  to  the  purchaser.

Default:  Default refers to failure of loan repayment.

Foreclosure:  This  is  a  legal  procedure  whereby  the  lender  eventually  obtains  ownership  of  the  payment  after  the  borrower  has  defaulted  on  payments.

1.9          ABBREVIATIONS      

PMI:  Primary  Mortgage  Institutions

NHF:  National  Housing  Fund

FMBN:  Federal  Mortgage  Bank  of  Nigeria

LTV:  Loan  To Value

MBS: Mortgage  Backed  Securities

FHA:  Federal  housing Authority

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