ASSESSMENT OF THE DEFENSE SYSTEM IN DIABETIC RATS TREATED WITH AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels, which can lead to complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and immune dysfunction (World Health Organization, 2020). The global prevalence of diabetes has been increasing steadily, with an estimated 422 million adults living with the disease in 2019 (International Diabetes Federation, 2019). In Nigeria, the prevalence of diabetes is also on the rise, with an estimated 2.5 million people living with the disease (International Diabetes Federation, 2019).
The defense system, comprising the innate and adaptive immune responses, plays a crucial role in protecting the body against infections and diseases (Kumar et al., 2019). The innate immune response is the first line of defense against pathogens, providing immediate protection through physical barriers, phagocytic cells, and antimicrobial peptides (Kumar et al., 2019). The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, is a specific response that involves the activation of T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and eliminate pathogens (Kumar et al., 2019).
However, diabetes can weaken the defense system, making individuals more susceptible to infections (Shanmugam et al., 2019). Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, can impair the functioning of immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and T-cells (Shanmugam et al., 2019). Additionally, diabetes can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage, further compromising the defense system (Shanmugam et al., 2019).
Studies have shown that individuals with diabetes are at a higher risk of developing infections, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and tuberculosis (Shanmugam et al., 2019). Moreover, diabetes can increase the severity and duration of infections, leading to increased morbidity and mortality (Shanmugam et al., 2019). The economic burden of diabetes and its complications is also significant, with an estimated global expenditure of USD 1.3 trillion in
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