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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Birth order is significant in child rearing, consequently the family is first in the life of the child in several ways. As Cooley put it "the family is the cradle of personality". It is primary in point of time in the processing or induction of the child into society and culture. The new individual's basic drives and need can reach fruition only with the setting provided by these people who surround him. His interpersonal relationships will be reflected not ire terms of any cultural determinant alone but in terms of the various individual differentials represented by family members. Therefore it is pertinent to note that intellectual development in social studies as a subject area has to be viewed closely putting into consideration the family unit as being the key ingredients in the formation of eventual IQ growth, along with environment variable of a student's family.

A child’s personality or socialization trend may depend on his sibling position or birth order. The impact of ordinal birth position upon the child and sibling relationship has received considerable exploration nation wide, certain generalizations may now be made if we remember that all of their birth positions are incident to the social and emotional Climate of the home. And this depends largely on the types of homes, like the nuclear family, which can be looked at as a democratic home with a minimum frustration. And the extend family with it accompanying frustration. Again of these types of families, the socio-economic status also counts in determining its correlation to personality development of the individual student in general and their performance in social studies in particular. In this study these generalization .will be grouped into the oldest child(as first born child) whose position in the family structure is a unique one though various studies and writers ascribe- different effects on the position. The youngest child or the last child in the family whose position is also a crucial position depending on the economic condition of the family and accompanying cultural advantages for him.
The study of these age differentials will go along way in helping teachers, parents and the society at large to carry. out effective investigation of the effects of birth order on students performances in social studies. Birth order as an integral part of a child formative and development stages is the much that will be focused on as it affects the learning ability and assimilation rate of the students in social studies. Coupled with this is the home and parental status and environmental factors militarizing against students achievement in school generally and social studies in particular will also be focused as an area of study, being an essential and a strong determinant of measuring students performance in social studies. Coupled with this is the home and parental status and environmental factors militating against students achievement in school generally and social studies in particular will also be focused as an area of study, being an essential and a strong determinant of measuring students performance in social studies. Birth order or order of delivery of children in this case will be further viewed or analyzed from the perspective of the first born child, the middle born child and the last born child as earlier indicated.
Huni (1966), supports the motion that the environment of the child has a great influence on the acquisition of basic knowledge and skill. Kernes( 1997), points out that for the child to grow intellectually and socially with increased independence-to meet daily-life situation, the child must be provided a conductive environment which helps him develop adequate motor skills and be motivated to learn. The home is the foundation of education because it plays a central role in socializing the child. The child spends his early years and learns his language at home. The importance of the family was stressed by Data (1984) that the environment of the home remains a principal settings in which the child's initial experience have an enduring impact on the physical, intellectual and personality development of the child".
According to Datta, the early social and physical environment that home provides for the child has an impact on his later social and cognitive development. Obanya (1981) further asserted that the environment of the learner affects his attitude to schooling as well as his performance in school. Uche (1984) claims that there: is enough evidence from past research findings, that child's school performance is related to their background and to activities which go on in a child's home is related to the social status of their parents. He also believes that many tower class parents fail to provide even the minimum level of reinforcement and stimulation for their children intellectual development.
1.2    PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of the study is aimed at stressing the indispensable effects of birth order on students performance educational development. Consequently, that parents, teachers and. the society Will be able to appreciate the various differences in the students throughout their schooling periods. Thus, it is expected that through this study that glaring effects of Birth order be enumerated enough for parents and the society at large to take redress where necessary, and maintain an appreciated standard of breeding children so as to attain a desired result of intelligent, well-motivated children as a product of education. The study will also help the teachers understand why a student learns in the way he does and their performances in social studies and also make the students aware of the various variables that determine their academic achievement in social studies.
1.3    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The specific statement of the problem is to analyze the extent to which birth order of the children or their positions in the family affects the child's performance in sue: along with the socio-economic status of the family. Analysis of the position of the children, that is, the first child, middle child and the last born child in the family will be studied closely in order  determine their academic performance in social. In order to ascertain the reasons for the different levels of performance of the students with respect to their individual positions in the family. Miner (1969) has pointed out that the socio-economic status of the child was related to the level of achievement attained.
1.4    RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The fundamental question which are considered in this study are -
1.      Is there be any significant relationship between birth order and students performance in educational development?
2.      Is there be any significant relationship between family size and  students performance in school?
3.      Is there be any significant relationship between socio­-economic status arid students educational development?
4.      Is there be any significant difference in the performance and educational development of the first child, middle child and the last child?
1.5    HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
1.      There is no significant relationship between birth order (first, middle and last born child) and students educational development.
2.      There is no significant relationship between family size and students educational development.
3.      There is no significant relationship between   socio-economic status of a child family and his educational development.
4.      There is no significant difference in the cc of the first child, middle child and the last born
1.6    SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study take a look at the effect of Birth order on students performance and educational development
1.7    LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research experience some forms of limitation in the process of the study. The researcher experienced financial constraints which inhibited the number of contacts that were made at the various destinations and the number of questionnaires that were provided and administered. There was also general reluctance to give information and other factors like accessibility to source of information due to the formal protocols required by the Principals. Also insufficient availability of Secondary data poses a constraint to the study. Parents' reluctance to give information or respond to questionnaires also militated against this research work. The research is also limited to mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State. Thus there is a limit to which the result of the student could be generalized.
1.8    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study lies in the fact that, it would create a sort of awareness about birth order in education achievement. Obviously, it would give an insight into the reasons why certain students perform excellently in social studies than the others. At the long run, the finding of this study will help educationists, parents and teachers and the society at large to realize the fact that students'. academic performance is not based on intelligence alone, neither is it base solely on the socio-economic back ground of the students nor on family size. Thus, this study may be useful to-educational planners, administrators, educational policy makers and other societal issues. 
This will make them to be aware of the fact that apart from Intelligence Quotient (IQ), attitude of the child and the parents' education and standard of the school the child attends, others factors such as socio-economic status of the family, Birth order produces an impact on the academic performance of students in the school. To the parents, this study will also be significant in child rearing. Parents tend to discipline their borns more than their other children and give them more attention. Bringing out the real picture of the contribution of the family to the academic performance of the child, thus making the parents to bear a part of the blame that would normally be on the child alone for his or her poor performance in school. The school principals will find study invaluable in that it will help in understanding the child better so as to know why he or she performs in a particular way.
1.9    DEFINITION OF TERMS
Nuclear Family: A family which consists of a man, his wife and children. This is a smaller family unit living a separate existence in contact with relatives but not inter-dependent on them.
Extended Family: The extended family may be a nuclear family or a polygamous family, it includes, aunts, uncles, cousins, grand parents, wives of sons and their children as all members of the family.
Polygamous Family: In a polygamous family a man is legally married to more than one Wife Thus polygamous family is made up of a man, his wives and their children.
Socio-Economic Status: This refers to the social and economic position of an individual can find himself or herself. It is regarded as the most significant predicting factor responsible for the academic achievement of students depending on the family.
Environment: This is the immediate physical surrounding of the child in the physical environment, there exist forces such as temperature, humidity and pressure which affect the individual and consequently his learning.
Academic Performance: It can be defined as the result or out come of a student during the course of study. It can also be said to be a phenomenon used to grade the successful out comes of students in particular.
Intelligence Quotient(IQ) can be said to mean Judgment, good sense, the ability to comprehend and to reason well and to adapt one self to circumstances.
Home Environment: This is used to refer to the atmospheric nature of an environment of a Family
Family Size: This include the total number of children and parents in an immediate family or extended family.
Birth Order: It is the order of child delivery, the position in which a child comes e.g. first, second and third.

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