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THE EFFECT OF VIOLENT TELEVISION PROGRAMMES ON ADOLESCENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Adolescents, often defined as the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood, represent a dynamic and vibrant demographic within society. They are characterized by their youthful energy, spirit, and engagement with modern technologies, including television, computers, and the internet (Slaby, 2015). However, the media landscape, particularly television, plays a significant role in shaping the experiences and behaviors of adolescents.

Television, as a primary medium of cultural expression, serves as a crucial avenue through which adolescents learn about themselves and the world around them (Postman, 2015). Unfortunately, the portrayal of fictional violence on television blurs the lines between fantasy and reality for many adolescents, leaving them susceptible to potential harm (Postman, 2015). This vulnerability is compounded by the fact that television is ubiquitous in modern society, making exposure to violent content nearly unavoidable.

The prevalence of violent television programming has sparked considerable debate and research since the 1950s (Gerbner, 2016). Studies suggest that prolonged exposure to violent media can lead to increased aggression, desensitization, insecurity, mistrust, and anger among adolescents (Gerbner, 2016). While scholars continue to debate the extent and severity of these effects, there is consensus that adolescents, as a special demographic group, require protection from the potential negative impacts of violent media (Potter, 2010).

Television, with its ability to transmit both audio and visual content, offers a wide range of programming, including news, education, culture, sports, and music (Santrock, 2015). However, the sheer volume of content available, combined with the allure of television as a form of entertainment, can sometimes overshadow its potential to inform, educate, and enlighten adolescents. Instead, some television content may inadvertently influence adolescent behavior in ways that are detrimental to their development.

While television holds great potential as a tool for entertainment and education, its impact on adolescent development, particularly in relation to exposure to violent content, warrants careful consideration. Understanding the complexities of television's influence on adolescents is crucial for informing media regulation and intervention efforts aimed at promoting positive youth development in today's technologically-driven world.

Moreover, the evolution of television technology, including satellite and digital advancements, has exponentially increased the accessibility and diversity of programming available to adolescents. While this presents opportunities for enrichment and exposure to diverse perspectives, it also raises concerns about the proliferation of inappropriate content and its potential effects on adolescent behavior.

Television's allure as a form of entertainment can sometimes overshadow its potential to serve as a platform for positive social messages and educational content. Consequently, adolescents may be drawn to programming that prioritizes sensationalism and violence over substance and constructive messaging.

Furthermore, the impact of television extends beyond individual viewing habits to encompass broader societal attitudes and norms. The portrayal of violence and other negative behaviors on television can contribute to the normalization of such behaviors among adolescents, perpetuating a cycle of desensitization and acceptance.

Addressing these complex issues requires a multifaceted approach that involves media literacy education, parental guidance, and responsible media regulation. By empowering adolescents with the critical thinking skills necessary to navigate the media landscape effectively, we can help mitigate the potential negative effects of violent television programming and foster a media environment that promotes healthy adolescent development.

In light of these considerations, further research into the specific mechanisms through which television influences adolescent behavior is essential. By gaining a deeper understanding of the nuances of television's impact on adolescents, we can develop more targeted interventions and strategies to support positive youth development in an increasingly mediated world.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The impact of violent television viewing on adolescents has sparked controversy. Studies suggest that exposure to such content may correlate with negative traits in adolescents, including aggression, lower academic performance, decreased reading habits, and a preference for entertainment over creativity. Despite these findings, some Nigerian parents dismiss the notion that violent television influences their children negatively, opting not to limit their viewing habits. Given the disparate perspectives and findings on this matter, further investigation into the effects of violent television programming on adolescents in West African countries is warranted. Additionally, the cultural, religious, and familial diversity within the region may yield varying attitudes toward violent media consumption among different ethnic groups, making this study timely and relevant.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of violent television programmes on adolescent’s

Specific objectives include:

1. To investigate the relationship between exposure to violent television programs and aggressive behavior among adolescents.

2. To examine the impact of violent television programming on academic performance and cognitive development in adolescents.

3. To explore the role of parental mediation and media literacy in mitigating the negative effects of violent television programs on adolescent behavior.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How does exposure to violent television programs correlate with levels of aggression and violent behavior among adolescents?

2. What are the effects of prolonged exposure to violent television programming on academic achievement and cognitive skills development in adolescents?

3. What role do parental mediation practices and media literacy play in moderating the influence of violent television programs on adolescent behavior?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Hypotheses i

H1: There is a positive correlation between exposure to violent television programs and aggressive behavior among adolescents.

   H0: There is no significant correlation between exposure to violent television programs and aggressive behavior among adolescents.

Hypotheses ii

H1: Prolonged exposure to violent television programming negatively impacts academic performance and cognitive development in adolescents.

   H0: There is no significant relationship between exposure to violent television programming and academic performance or cognitive development in adolescents.

Hypotheses iii

H1: Effective parental mediation and high levels of media literacy serve as protective factors against the negative effects of violent television programs on adolescent behavior.

   H0: There is no significant relationship between parental mediation/media literacy and the influence of violent television programs on adolescent behavior.

These objectives, research questions, and hypotheses are interlinked as they collectively aim to understand the impact of violent television programs on adolescents, explore potential moderators or mediators of this impact, and contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics involved in adolescent media consumption.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The outcomes of this research endeavor will serve to educate both media regulators and the broader public about the impact of violent television programming on adolescents. Furthermore, it will shed light on the types of media that promote positive youth development. This study will make a valuable contribution to the existing body of literature concerning the effects of violent television programs on adolescents, thereby providing a solid empirical foundation for future research endeavors in this field.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to investigate the impact of violent television programs on adolescents' behavior, attitudes, and development. It will examine the prevalence and content of violent programming, adolescents' exposure to such content, and the potential effects on factors such as aggression, academic performance, and social interactions. Additionally, the study will explore the role of media literacy and parental guidance in mitigating any negative effects observed.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Limitations of the study include potential biases in self-reported data, which may be influenced by social desirability or memory recall. Additionally, the study's focus on a specific geographic region may limit generalizability to other cultural contexts. The cross-sectional design restricts the ability to establish causality, and the reliance on secondary data sources could introduce inaccuracies or inconsistencies. Lastly, the study may overlook the influence of other media platforms beyond television on adolescent behavior.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Effect: The measurable outcome or consequence resulting from exposure to violent television programs on adolescents.

2. Violent television programs: Television shows or broadcasts that contain scenes of physical aggression, brutality, or graphic violence.

3. Adolescents: Individuals typically aged between 10 and 19 years old, encompassing the transitional period between childhood and adulthood.

4. Influence: The capacity of violent television programs to shape or alter the attitudes, behaviors, or beliefs of adolescents.

5. Media regulators: Organizations or authorities responsible for overseeing and enforcing regulations related to media content, including television programming.

6. Youth development: The process of physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth and maturation experienced by adolescents.

7. Antisocial effects: Negative behaviors or attitudes exhibited by adolescents as a result of exposure to violent television programs, including aggression, desensitization, and mistrust.

8. Media effects: The impact of mass media, such as television, on individuals' thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs.

9. Regulatory guidelines: Rules, standards, or criteria established by authorities to govern the content and distribution of television programs, particularly those containing violent content.

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