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METABOLISM OF COPPER IN HUMAN BODY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Copper is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in various biochemical processes within the human body. As a cofactor for several enzymes, copper is involved in vital functions such as energy production, iron metabolism, and the synthesis of neurotransmitters and connective tissues (Kumar et al., 2020). The human body contains approximately 50-120 mg of copper, with about 70% located in the liver, brain, heart, and kidneys (Linder & Hazegh-Azam, 2019).

The metabolism of copper begins with dietary intake, where it is absorbed primarily in the small intestine. Foods rich in copper include organ meats, shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and legumes (Ge et al., 2019). Upon ingestion, copper is transported in the bloodstream bound to a protein called ceruloplasmin, which facilitates its distribution to various tissues (Harris, 2020). This process is crucial because free copper ions can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), potentially leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage (Brait et al., 2021).

The liver plays a central role in copper metabolism by regulating its absorption, storage, and excretion. In healthy individuals, excess copper is excreted through bile into the intestine, where it is eliminated from the body (Bremner, 2019). However, disturbances in copper metabolism can lead to disorders such as Wilson's disease, characterized by excessive copper accumulation in the body, primarily in the liver and brain, resulting in significant neurological and hepatic dysfunction (Culotta & Winge, 2019). On the other hand, copper deficiency can lead to anemia, bone abnormalities, and immune dysfunction, highlighting the element's importance in maintaining overall health (Wang et al., 2020).

Recent research has also explored the relationship between copper metabolism and various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. For instance, studies have shown that dysregulated copper homeostasis is linked to Alzheimer’s disease, with altered copper levels affecting amyloid-beta aggregation and neurotoxicity (Harris, 2020). Furthermore, the potential role of copper as an antioxidant has gained attention, as it participates in the dismutation of superoxide radicals and protects against oxidative damage (Kim et al., 2020).

The understanding of copper metabolism in the human body is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with copper imbalance. Investigating the mechanisms governing copper homeostasis can provide insights into preventive and therapeutic approaches for related health conditions. This study aims to deepen the understanding of copper metabolism and its implications for human health, addressing gaps in the current literature regarding copper’s multifaceted roles in physiological processes.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Copper is an essential micronutrient necessary for various biological processes, yet its metabolism can lead to health complications when imbalanced. Disorders such as Wilson's disease result from copper accumulation, while deficiencies can cause serious health issues, including anemia and immune dysfunction. Understanding the dynamics of copper metabolism is vital for preventing and managing these disorders effectively.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to determine the metabolism of copper in the human body and its implications for health. Specific objectives include:

i. To evaluate the impact of copper on enzymatic functions and overall metabolic processes.

ii. To determine the effects of copper deficiency and excess on human health.

iii. To find out the relationship between copper metabolism and specific diseases, such as Wilson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

1.4 Research Questions

i. What is the impact of copper on enzymatic functions and overall metabolic processes in the human body?

ii. What is the effect of copper deficiency and excess on human health?

iii. How does copper metabolism relate to specific diseases such as Wilson's disease and Alzheimer's disease?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study holds significant importance as it seeks to enhance the understanding of copper metabolism in the human body. The findings may contribute to developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for copper-related disorders. Furthermore, it will provide insights into the role of copper in various physiological functions, which can inform dietary recommendations and public health policies.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study will encompass the metabolism of copper in the human body, including its dietary sources, absorption, distribution, physiological roles, and the implications of copper imbalance on health. The study will focus on recent research findings and will not cover aspects of copper metabolism in non-human organisms or environmental factors affecting copper availability.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

Limitations of this study may include the availability of recent research on copper metabolism, as the field is continually evolving. Additionally, individual variations in copper metabolism due to genetic factors, age, and health status may limit the generalizability of the findings. The study may also be constrained by the reliance on existing literature, which may not comprehensively cover all aspects of copper metabolism.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Copper: An essential trace element involved in various biochemical processes, including enzymatic reactions and energy production.

Metabolism: The chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life, including the conversion of food into energy and the building and repair of tissues.

Enzyme: A biological catalyst that accelerates chemical reactions in the body, often requiring specific cofactors such as copper to function effectively.

Wilson's Disease: A genetic disorder that leads to excessive accumulation of copper in the body, resulting in liver and neurological damage.

Oxidative Stress: A condition characterized by excessive free radicals in the body, which can lead to cellular damage and contribute to various diseases.

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