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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Long before the inception of community banking system in Nigeria , intensive campaigns were organized nation wide urging community to form community Development Association [CDA] or where they already exist6 in form of town union or patriotic association to register them in their local government. This was to create an avenue for which they could more eect t lively participate in rural development programmes at grassroots.

Development association was found and registered as at 31st December 1992. It is pertinent to mention that government had before this time established some development agency intended to providing grassroots’ development. These include National Directorate for Employment [NDE] Better life programmed of Rural Dweller [BLPRD] Rural Banking, people’s Bank and Directorate of food , road and Rural infrastructure [DEFRRI] whose primary task was to a identify , involve and support viable local community organization in the mobilization of the rural population for sustained rural development activities bearing in the mind the need of promoting greater participation and economic self- reliance on rural development “ On the basis of this and other functions defined in the Decree 4 of the 1987, as stressed by mabogunje, the directorate fell into three broad areas as
1. Community organization and social mobilization
2. Infrastructural Development
3. Promotion of productive activities. The idea of community banking was made known to the public during January 1st 1990 budget speech by the president and commander of chief the Armed forces, General Ibrahhim Alamosa Babangida, in that speech he clearly spelt out what the government has in mind as follows The adjustment subsidy levels of domestic price of petroleum product have been estimated millions is 1990 fiscal year, Government decided that the sum be put back into strengthening its programme of grass-root economic development Accordingly, the sun of #453 million will accrue to special account with the central bank to strengthening the people’s bank. Maboguje defined community bank as a self sustaining financial institution, owned and managed by providing credit, deposit banking and other financial services to its members largely on the basis of their self recognition and credit worthiness” Based on the foregoing, comm. Unity bank are primarily set up to promote productive activities in the rural areas. Specifically, they ar5e meant to facilitate the programmes of the directorate of food, road rural infrastructure by providing easy access to credit for rural producers. National Network of community banks are intended to greatly strengthen the massive programmes of government in rural development. To day’s over 1,110 community banks are found to have been established throughout the country with Alheri community community bank , Tudun Wada in Kadauna State as the first to be commissioned on 31st December, 1990. The shi of emphasis to rural development is a matter of necessity at this present state of our development. It is important to state here that over 75% o the country’s resources endowment abounds in the rural areas. Again, part of our experiences in rural development has clearly shown of rural that eort at expanding economic base of scarcity of, and restricting access to loan able fund. In addressing this problem, pervious government in their economic policies had relied exclusive on development banking and rural branch banking of the orthodox banks. However, it was observed that the sophisticated mode of operation of the conventional bank, their legalistic insistence on collateral had rendered them incapable of dealing with the unsophisticated rural dweller and lower strata of our society. Jags and Nkom stressed that the introduction of community bank was itself motivated b y the failure of previous attempts at extending credit to the rural producer. It is therefore, in firm belief and commitment to rural development that every Nigerian who is engaged in productive activities must have access to loan able fund regardless of the size of loan. This is why community bank as a catalyst for rural development will be reviewed in the project between 1992- 1995, using ogui urban community Bank Enugu as a case study.
OGUI URBAN COMMUNITY BANK ENUGU
The bank was incorporated in April 1992. It started operation 17th July 1992 with sta strength of thirteen which at the time of writing this project has risen to twenty seven ogui urban community bank started operation during the deregulation of the banking in Nigeria. As at November 1995 the bank was operating with little above 1000 savings account holders, 300 current account holders comprising individuals, organizations and sta of the bank. The banks also have eleven {11} fixed deposit account holders. Apart from the conventional banking functions, the bank has contributed to rural development through her mass transit services among others. Ogui urban community bank has no other branch because community banks are established to function within one community alone, thus reflecting the UNIT BANKING SYSTEM – which operates in some advanced country of the world such as United states of America {U.S.A}. However, the bank uses United Bank for African [UBA] and union bank PLS Enugu as her correspondents bank to facilitate clearing business in the central bank of Nigeria. The bank renders all banking services except foreign exchange transaction, which the decree establishing it restricted to other financial institutions.
1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Despite the various economic policies rural economic development, the banking habit’s of rural dwellers have not improved appreciably banks are nearly operating exactly the same way as conventional banks do granting loans to small scale producers The bank require- collateral before credit is granted to rural dwellers and even the community development, as associations may not be able to aord it . Besides these difficulties of community banks are for the rural dweller have the conception that banks are for the rich and elites of the society ,owing to the fact that community banks have not recruited trained personnel that can disseminate proper banking in information to the rural populace. In view of these, this study will address itself to the following problems. [1] How can Ogui community bank make loan able funds accessible to rural borrowers to enhance economic activities? . [2] How will the loans provided Ogui serve urban community bank other than the demand for tangible security like collateral {3} How can the rural banking habit be improved by Ogui urban community bank in other to assist in rural development programmers?
1.3  OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study lies on community bank as a catalyst for rural development in Enugu state in general and in particular; the role ogui urban community bank can play in the rural development of ogui urban areas. In addition to the major objective, the study will also ascertain the following.
1.Whether the availability of tangible collateral have any position effect on the level of loans disbursement in ogui urban community.
2 Whether the awareness campaign organized by ogui urban community bank have improved the banking habits of the people of the area.
3 Whether loans granted to rural dweller b y ogui community bank have any positive effect on the unemployment level of the community.
4 Whether Ogui urban community bank can accept self-recognition as alternative security to collateral in granting loans to the inhabitants of ogui urban areas.
5 Whether the incidence of loan repayment default by rural dweller have any significant eect on the level of loans of ogui urban community bank.
6 To recommend ways by which ogui urban community bank services in the development of ogui urban area could be sustained.
1.5  RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. To what extent has the unavailability of tangible collateral affect the disbursement of loan in ogui community?
2. What is the effect of the loans granted to the inhabitants of ogui urban area in reducing unemployment in ogui community?
3. To what extent has the awareness campaign carried out by ogui community?
4. To what extent has self recognition served as an alternative collateral for granting loans to the inhabitants of ogui urban community?
5. To what extent has loans repayment default affected the level of loans granting by ogui urban community bank to her customers?
6. What level of sustainability are needed services in the development of ogui urban community?
1.6  RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1 The unavailability of tangible collateral has not affected the level of loan disbursement to member of ogui urban community.
2 Ho the loan s made available by ogui urban community bank to the rural dwellers In ogui urban has not reduce the level of unemployment in the area.
Hi the made available by ogui urban community bank to the rural dwellers in ogui urban has reduced the level of unemployment in the area.
Hi the banking awareness campaign organized by ogui urban community bank has not assisted significantly in enhancing the rural banking habits of the people in ogui urban area.
Hi the banking awareness campaign organized by ogui urban community bank has assisted significantly in enhancing the rural banking habits of the people in ogui urban area.
1.7  SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study shall benefit the under listed people and institution.
Research Students – it is the intention of the research to provide a stepping stone of success to other students and or researchers who may be conducting a research on the same or related topic in future. These materials will serve as a reference point to such person or persons.
Community banks – It is equally hope that at the end of this research work, community banks will be provided with possible solution to the various reasons hindering the development of the rural areas. This work if properly studied will go a long way in ensuring the steady financial support form both community banks and other financial houses to the development of the rural areas .
Industrialists – The abundant advantage available to rural industrialist in sourcing their capital are enormous. It is indented to bring these merits into light so as to enable the rural industrialists utilize this avenue effectively so as to contribute successfully to the development of rural areas and the economy at large. It is also believed that this will create banking awareness so as to eliminate those obstacles facing then in their areas of settlement.
The economy – With other 75% of the country’s resources endowment abounds in the rural areas, our development project and programmes cannot achieve any appreciable improvement until they focus on the se rural area consequently this study will to a large extent, highlight the proper roles which community banks play in their area of operation .This will increase the economic activities in the rural economy, reduce unemployment and urban migration 
1.8  SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The decree NO.46 of 1992 establishing community bank state that ‘no community bank is allowed to0 CREATE, OPERATE AND UTILISE a branching system’ A Community bank must therefore, strive it’s attachment area hence this study is limited to the role of Ogui urban community bank in Enugu state .
1.9  LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This research work was constrained by some factors as follows;
Time Constraints – The research could not extend his study to other community banks for general analysis due to time constraints. Accordingly, this study is limited to Ogui urban community bank .
Financial Constraints – In ability to gather enough financial resources militated against the much needed standard in this work . Lack of Adequate co-operation by the bank sta-certain information needed for this project were not revealed to the researcher due to some beaurocratic bottle-neck in the banking industry especially as it relates to bank position on secrecy.

1.10  DEFINITION OF TERMS
a. CDA; Community Development Association
b. DFRRI; Directorate Of Roads And Rural Infrastructure
c. CBN; Central Bank Of Nigeria
d. UNIT BANKING –This means the existence of a bank without a branch.
e. HYPOTHESIS –This is a tentative, probable explanation between two or more variable that create a state of aairs or phenomenon. HO means NUU hypothesis. It is usually stated in ‘NO’ difference form and the one to be tested . HI means alternative hypothesis. It is usually stated in positive form .it is the hypothesis 70 be accepted if the null hypothesis fails.
f. NBCB – National Board For Community Banks.
g. CBIC - Community Bank Implementation Committee.

REFERENCES

Mabogunje Akin L. (1992): The community banking system in Nigeria An introduction, N.B.C.B, Abuja pg. 18 Ibid

Babangida, l .B (1992) Community banking system in Nigeria, An Introduction, N.B.C.B Abuja pg. 10-11

Mabogunje Akin L. Address by the Executive Chairman of National (14-16 July, 1993) Board for community bank Markudi,

Jega M.U and Nkoms A. Community bank as a catalyst for rural (1995) Development in Nigeria. African Journal of Institution and development vo1.1, No 2 pg 24

NBCN (1992) The Revised Community banks prospectus National Board for Community bank, Abuja pg 63. 

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