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EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION AND NPK FERTILIZER ON YIELD OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L)

ABSTRACT

Maize is a critical crop in Ghana, but its yield is often limited by defoliation and inadequate fertilizer application. This study investigated the effects of defoliation and NPK fertilizer application on maize yield in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A quasi-experimental design was used, with a sample size of 120 maize farmers. The results showed that defoliation and NPK fertilizer application have significant effects on maize yield, and there is a significant interaction between the two factors. The optimal levels of defoliation and NPK fertilizer application were found to be 30% defoliation and 120 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer. The study recommends that maize farmers in the Ashanti Region adopt optimal defoliation and NPK fertilizer application practices to improve maize yield. The study also highlights the need for agricultural extension agents to provide training and support to farmers on best practices for maize production.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Maize (Zea mays L) is a significant crop in Nigeria, serving as a food source for humans and livestock (FAO, 2020). It is a versatile crop that provides food, feed, and industrial raw materials (OECD, 2020). Maize is a major staple food in Nigeria, and its production plays a critical role in the country's food security (Adebiyi et al., 2020). However, its yield is often affected by various factors, including defoliation and inadequate fertilizer application (Aiyelari et al., 2015).

Defoliation, which is the removal of leaves, can reduce maize yield by decreasing photosynthesis and plant growth (Liu et al., 2018). According to Kim et al. (2019), defoliation can lead to a significant reduction in maize yield, especially if it occurs during the critical growth stages. In Nigeria, defoliation is a common problem in maize production, often caused by pests, diseases, and environmental stressors (Adebiyi et al., 2020).

Inadequate fertilizer application, particularly NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium), can limit maize growth and yield (Fageria et al., 2010). NPK fertilizers play a crucial role in maize production, as they provide essential nutrients for plant growth and development (Mengel et al., 2017). However, inadequate fertilizer application can lead to nutrient deficiencies, which can negatively impact maize yield (Fageria et al., 2010).

In Nigeria, maize production faces several challenges, including low soil fertility, inadequate fertilizer application, and defoliation (Aiyelari et al., 2015). These challenges can result in low maize yields, which can have negative impacts on food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers (Adebiyi et al., 2020). Therefore, it is essential to investigate the effects of defoliation and NPK fertilizer application on maize yield to identify strategies for improving maize production in Nigeria.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), maize production in Nigeria has been declining in recent years due to various factors, including defoliation and inadequate fertilizer application (FAO, 2020). The country's maize yield is significantly lower than the global average, with an average yield of 1.8 tons per hectare compared to the