EFFECT OF TELFERIA OCCIDENTALIS AND VERNONIA AMYGDALINA ON LIPID PROFILE (TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, TRIGLYCERIDE, HDL AND LDL) ON BRAIN, PLASMA AND KIDNEY IN HIGH SUCROSE DIET FED RATS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Western diet is characterized by high levels of fat, sugar, and salt and has been linked to an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (Pandya et al., 2013). One of the key risk factors for CVD is an abnormal lipid profile, which is characterized by high levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (Wang et al., 2021). Elevated levels of triglycerides (TG) have also been associated with an increased risk of CVD (Kaur et al., 2014). Therefore, strategies aimed at improving lipid profile may have a significant impact on the prevention and management of CVD.
Herbal medicines have been widely used as alternative or complementary therapies for various diseases, including dyslipidemia (Zarei et al., 2021). Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina are two plants commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including hypertension and diabetes (Akah et al., 2007; Oyeyinka et al., 2021). Telferia occidentalis, commonly known as "Ugwu" in Nigeria, belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and is rich in phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and carotenoids (Eze et al., 2021). Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as "Bitter leaf" in Nigeria, belongs to the family Asteraceae and is also rich in phytochemicals, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds (Okwesili et al., 2021).
Several studies have investigated the hypolipidemic effects of Telferia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina individually in animal models of dyslipidemia. In one study, Telferia occidentalis was found to significantly reduce serum levels of TC, LDL, and TG in rats fed a high-fat diet (Iweala et al., 2019). In another study, Vernonia amygdalina was found to significantly reduce serum levels of TC, LDL, and TG in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes (Ohaeri et al., 2003). However, few studies have investigated the
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