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EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN AND THE ROLES OF TEACHERS AND PARENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Drug abuse has become a global phenomenon affecting almost every country; though the extent, causes, effects and characteristics vary from one country to another. A drug refers to a substance that could bring about a change in the biological function of a human being through its chemical actions (Okoye,2001:9).

It is also considered as a substance that modifies perceptions, cognition, mood, behavior and general body functions (Balogun, 2006:8). The most commonly used and abused substances globally are cigarettes, cannabis and alcohol. Alcohol and other related problems are becoming more and more a public health concern globally; due to overuse and indiscriminate use of drugs (Acolagbe, 2005). Hence, the misuse of drugs is considered one of the leading causes of preventable death; illness and injury as it impedes the peace of the world. Commonly used substances are inhalants, heroin and cocaine (Acolagbe, 2005).

Notwithstanding, in the context of this research, drug abuse is considered as taking overdose of a specific drug or substance; or indiscriminate consumption of such substances capable of upsetting the biological functioning and physiological behavior of individuals consuming them (Edeneyi, 1993).

The substance abuse problem in Nigeria is not different from other countries though there may be variations in the magnitude of the problem. Similarly, students and youth found in the acts of drug abuse are oftentimes academically and socially less developed as they are not respected and recognized to make reasonable contributions to any development. This is because drug abuse does not only downgrade the academic performance of students, but also affects the moral, physical and general buildup of the secondary school students (Kandel & Chen, 1995). Morally, students are otherwise disobedient to their teachers,parents and their senior students both at school and at home as a result of drug influence.

Consequently, drugs or substance abuse causes disorder characterized by the use of behavior-altering substances in a maladaptive pattern resulting in significant impairment or distress. These consequences result in failure to fulfill social or occupational obligations or recurrent use in situations in which it is physically dangerous to do so; or which end in legal problems or behavior modification (Kandel & Chen, 1995; Acolagbe, 2005).

Drug abuse most often begins in the early adolescence stage because of socioeconomic problems and cultural practices of this age group (Kandel & Chen,1995:65). The sequence of usage ranges from tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and other substances. Secondary school students are increasingly engaging in prescribed drugs, particularly narcotics which are prescribed to relieve severe pain and stimulant medications, which treat conditions like attention deficit disorder and narcolepsy (Turner, 2008). Therefore, youths who are seen as the leaders of tomorrow and being placed to be trained in secondary schools have swerved to the use of drugs. This act in no way contributes to the development of the students and the expected output of these students can greatly diminish their academic performances because of their tenacity to drug addiction (Turner,2008). The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) has stated that drug abuse is a major problem in schools (NDLEA, 1997). For instance, about 20% of the school population in Edo state, Nigeria has taken a psychoactive drug once in their lives (Alemika, 1998:45).

Many of these behaviors are heavily tied to the peer culture, as children learn from and imitate the peers they like and admire Kithi (2007). Thus, in a bid to be attractive to others becomes very important in adolescence, and this factor is significant in the development of eating disorders, alcohol consumption, tobacco and drug use, tanning, not practicing safe sex, and vulnerability to injury, among other behaviors (Alemika, 1998). Staff (2012) Avers that Adolescents who abuse substances typically do more poorly in school, and family problems, deviance, and low self esteem appears to explain this relationship. Parents and peers influence adolescent drinking by influencing attitudes about alcohol and by acting as role models (Taylor, 2003:78). Secondary school students ignorantly depend on one form of drug or the other for their various daily activities such as social, educational, political, and moral among others, such drug include , Indian hemp, cocaine, morphine, Heroin, Alcohol, Ephedrine, Madras, caffeine, glue, Barbiturates and Amphetamines World Health Organization (2003) . Today, more Nigerian youths are becoming drug dependants, while Nigeria gradually transits from the status of a drug-consuming nation to that of a drug-producing one and Young ones who are mainly from 'well-to-do homes are increasingly identifying with the 'big boys' that practice the use of substance like heroin and cocaine. Other substances like Indian hemp, which is frequently produced in Nigeria and other substances like Methamphetamine and tablets with codeine capable of intoxication are mostly found in schools (Staff, 2012). To attest to the global problem of drug abuse, Carol (1983) said "n recent years, the American people have annually consumed nearly 2.5 million gallons of vitamins, nearly 3 million pounds of tranquilizer barbiturates and the medicine cabinets in American homes have never been as full". All formal instituted organization exists to achieve specific objectives, and the task of educational administration, therefore, is to plan strategies for their effective attainment. These strategies include working out details of what needs to be done and the method of doing them. The details so worked out should include the setting up of a formal structure which permits the hierarchical allocation of responsibilities and a communication flow, for accomplishing the purposes of an enterprise (Edem1998).

To this end, during International day against drug abuse and Illicit Trafficking of 26th June, 1988, the then United Nations Secretary General, Javier Peres de Cellar, noted that drug and drug trafficking had already claimed millions of lives, weakened national economies, undermined the integrity and stability of governments and endangered the human society as a whole. He remarked that the dimensions of such a crisis were painfully clear and that drug related crimes had reached alarming proportions. In such a global epidemic, he concluded, all nations were vulnerable (United Nations, 1988).

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Here are a few statements of problem for the study

1. The escalating prevalence of drug abuse among school children poses a significant societal concern, necessitating comprehensive examination of its multifaceted impacts. One pressing aspect is understanding the detrimental effects of drug abuse on academic performance, cognitive development, and overall well-being among school-aged individuals. Without intervention, the repercussions of substance abuse may manifest in diminished academic achievement, increased dropout rates, and compromised future prospects, thereby perpetuating a cycle of socio-economic disparity and instability. Hence, a critical problem statement entails elucidating the profound ramifications of drug abuse on the educational outcomes and holistic development of school children.

2. Another critical facet demanding attention is the role of educators in mitigating the scourge of drug abuse within school settings. Teachers serve as frontline advocates in identifying early signs of substance misuse, offering support mechanisms, and implementing preventive strategies to foster a drug-free learning environment. However, limited resources, inadequate training, and systemic barriers may hinder educators' efficacy in addressing this pressing issue effectively. Therefore, elucidating the challenges and opportunities encountered by teachers in confronting drug abuse among their students is imperative for devising tailored interventions and empowering educational stakeholders to safeguard the well-being of school children.

3. Furthermore, the pivotal role of parents in shaping their children's attitudes, behaviors, and resilience against substance abuse warrants comprehensive exploration. Family dynamics, parenting styles, socio-economic factors, and community influences significantly impact children's susceptibility to substance experimentation and addiction. Consequently, understanding the interplay between parental involvement, communication patterns, and support networks in deterring drug abuse is paramount for fostering collaborative partnerships between home and school environments. By delineating the nuanced roles of parents in preventing and addressing drug abuse among school children, this study aims to inform targeted interventions and promote holistic approaches to safeguarding the health and future prospects of the younger generation.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the prevalence of drug abuse among school children.

2. To investigate the contributing factors to drug abuse among school children.

3. To examine the roles of teachers in preventing and addressing drug abuse among school children.

4. To explore the roles of parents in preventing and addressing drug abuse among school children.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What is the prevalence rate of drug abuse among school children?

2. What are the main factors contributing to drug abuse among school children?

3. How do teachers perceive their roles in preventing and addressing drug abuse among school children?

4. What are the perceptions of parents regarding their roles in preventing and addressing drug abuse among school children?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES:

H1. There is a significant correlation between the age of school children and the prevalence of drug abuse.

H2. Socioeconomic status is positively associated with the likelihood of drug abuse among school children.

H3. Teachers who receive adequate training on drug abuse prevention are more effective in addressing drug abuse among school children.

H4. Parental involvement and communication with children are negatively correlated with the likelihood of drug abuse among school children.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of studying the effects of drug abuse among school children and the roles of teachers and parents lies in its potential to safeguard the well-being and future of the younger generation. Understanding the impact of drug abuse at a young age allows for early intervention and prevention strategies to be implemented effectively. By investigating the roles of teachers and parents, the study can identify key stakeholders in the support system of children, providing insights into how they can collaborate to create a supportive environment. This research can inform policy makers, educators, and parents on the importance of proactive measures, such as education, counseling, and community involvement, in deterring substance abuse among school children. Ultimately, the findings can contribute to the development of targeted interventions aimed at promoting healthy behaviors and preventing the detrimental consequences associated with drug abuse during formative years.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study will focus on investigating the impact of drug abuse among school children, examining its prevalence, causes, and consequences on academic performance, mental health, and social behavior. Additionally, it will explore the roles of teachers and parents in preventing and addressing drug abuse among students, including their awareness, intervention strategies, and collaboration efforts. The study will involve gathering data from schools, parents, and students through surveys, interviews, and observations. It will consider various factors such as socio-economic background, peer influence, and access to drugs. Recommendations for effective prevention and intervention programs will be developed based on the findings, aiming to enhance the capacity of teachers and parents in supporting students and creating a safe and healthy school environment conducive to learning and personal development.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The limitations of the study could include the potential for self-reporting bias among school children regarding their drug use, as well as the challenge of accurately assessing the full extent of drug abuse without comprehensive data from all schools. Additionally, the study may not account for individual differences in family dynamics or socioeconomic factors that could influence drug abuse. Limited access to resources or funding could also restrict the scope and depth of the research, potentially impacting the generalizability of the findings.

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Drug Abuse:  The excessive, inappropriate, or harmful use of psychoactive substances, including both legal and illegal drugs, leading to negative consequences on physical, mental, and social well-being.

2. School Children:  Refers to individuals typically between the ages of 5 and 18 years who are enrolled in educational institutions, such as primary, secondary, or high schools, and are in the process of receiving formal education.

3. Teachers:  Professionals employed in educational institutions who are responsible for imparting knowledge, facilitating learning, and guiding students' academic and personal development.

4. Parents: Individuals who have biological or legal responsibility for the care, upbringing, and well-being of children, providing emotional, financial, and practical support within the family unit. 

5. Roles: The functions, responsibilities, or duties assigned to individuals or groups within a particular context, such as the educational setting, involving actions and behaviors aimed at achieving specific goals or objectives.

6. Impact: The effect or influence of drug abuse among school children, encompassing various dimensions such as academic performance, behavior, physical health, mental well-being, social relationships, and overall development.

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