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THE APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as indispensable tools in various fields, revolutionizing the way data is collected, analyzed, and visualized. These systems integrate geographical data with attribute data, enabling users to understand spatial relationships and make informed decisions. Over the years, GIS applications have expanded across disciplines, including urban planning, environmental management, transportation, and public health.

Health care is one of the fastest growing industries in Nigeria, and the hospital is the corner stone of the  health care industry, there is over 6,500 hospitals in this country, and their services are expanding  with corresponding increase in cost.

The health care industry and its hospital component employ more than 3 million fulltime  equivalent employees. The nations total health care  bill amount  to N150.4 billion 10.6% of the nation gross national product  which is the  equivalent  of Nigeria spending more than N1 billion  each day on their health care.  (Health Care Administration UUTH).

Historically, in Akwa Ibom State, hospitals were developed as  voluntary free standing  units. The traditional systems of healthcare delivery  was network of private  physicians, groups practices, clinic, hospital  intended care and treatment decision were made primarily by physicians on a free-for-services basis,  thus most patient  had little, if any to contribute in their medical treatment decision.

Hospitals were in control of the system over the last 20 years, because they had financial security under the federal and the state reimbursement system of medical care and medical aids (health care administration principles and practice).

In recent years, a lot of money have been voted for the industry which have experienced major difficulties in maintaining their autonomy and financial security.  For many reasons, the health care delivery system in the state is evolving into a highly competitive and extremely volatile industry. Recent legislative and regulatory changes in the state have placed limits on the amount of government fundings on health care service thus many hospitals and private clinics do not have adequate capital resources to renovate  or replace  outdated facilities nor invest in expensive  medical technology.

With recent changes that is permeating every aspect of the healthcare industry, hospital management board have realized the need for diversification and  re-organization as an important  tools for the development  and structuring of the ministry.

This has made the hospital management board to effectively seek for a better plan so as to meet the objectives of the sector.

This project considers the application of geospatial information system (GIS) as a decision support tools in health information management (HIM). This involves a wide variety of functions that are critical to the operation of the healthcare in each local government area in the state.

Geospatial information system as a computer based technology and methodology  for collecting, managing, analyzing, modeling and presenting a geospatial and non spatial  data for a wide range of  application (Davis 2001),With Geospatial Information System, decision makers can locate, create and maintain accurate  and comprehensive  spatial data base and  records. These database records are  quite  invaluable in tracking the inventory of every health institution in the state.

This database can also be used to generate a demographic map of the present and future availability of any health institution. With GIS, a common platforms can be developed  for convergence of multi diseases, in standardized  georeferencing of epidemiological data,  the process provides an excellent means of  analyzing epidemiological data, revealing trends, dependencies and interrelationships that would otherwise remain hidden in data  shown only in tabular format.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite the widespread adoption of GIS, there remains a need to assess its effectiveness and impact across different sectors. Understanding the specific benefits and limitations of GIS implementation is crucial for optimizing its use and maximizing its potential contributions to decision-making processes.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to determine the application of Geospatial Information Systems. Specific objectives include:

i. To evaluate the impact of GIS on urban planning and development.

ii. To determine the effectiveness of GIS in environmental management and conservation efforts.

iii. To find out the role of GIS in transportation planning and infrastructure development.

1.4 Research Questions

i. What is the impact of GIS on urban planning and development?

ii. What is the effectiveness of GIS in environmental management and conservation efforts?

iii. How does GIS contribute to transportation planning and infrastructure development?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

Hypothesis I

H0: There is no significant impact of GIS on urban planning and development.

H1: There is a significant impact of GIS on urban planning and development.

Hypothesis II

H0: There is no significant effectiveness of GIS in environmental management and conservation efforts.

H2: There is a significant effectiveness of GIS in environmental management and conservation efforts.

Hypothesis III

H0: There is no significant contribution of GIS to transportation planning and infrastructure development.

H3: There is a significant contribution of GIS to transportation planning and infrastructure development.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study will provide valuable insights into the practical applications of GIS across various domains. By evaluating its impact and effectiveness, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners can make informed decisions regarding GIS implementation and investment.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study will focus on the application of GIS in urban planning, environmental management, and transportation planning. It will include case studies and empirical analysis to assess the real-world implications of GIS adoption in these areas.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

While every effort will be made to conduct a comprehensive analysis, this study may face limitations in terms of data availability, sample size, and geographical scope. Additionally, the findings may be influenced by external factors such as technological advancements and policy changes.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Geospatial Information Systems (GIS): A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.

Urban Planning: The process of designing and shaping the physical layout of cities, towns, and communities.

Environmental Management: The management of human activities and resources to minimize environmental damage and promote sustainability.

Transportation Planning: The process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and designs to prepare for future transportation needs.

ARCVIEW: This is one of the GIS software used in processing,                   designing and processing of geospatial data

HMIS:      Health Information Management System

MIS:         Management information system

DATA:      These are raw collection of facts

DBMS:      Database  management  system digitizing. The process of converting  analogue maps and other sources of data  to a computer readable form.

Data Directory: A folder or area on the hard  drive of your computer or  your networks  computer that is available and data that  you create geospatial information system (GIS):an organized  collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personal designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyse and display all forms of  geographically referenced information.

Hardcopy: a copy of textual or graphic information produced  our paper.

Identifier Or Label:  these are tags attached to individual entity  of GIS coverage.

One to One: This is a relationship whereby one primary key relates with one foreign key.

One to Many: A relationship of one primary key connecting many  foreign  keys.

Primary Key: This is a field that identifies a record in a table uniquely. Frequently it is a separate field added to each record.

Raster: Data expressed as an array of pixels with spatial position implicit in the ordering of the pixels

SQL: Structural query language.

Theme: A data  layer   relating  to a specific  subject or topic  of interest

Thematic Layers: a logical separation of geographical information such that each layer represent a different them. For example a composite digital  map may consist of a land boundaries  layer, rivers and streams layers, roads layers etc.

Topology: is an impact the mathematical method used to define spatial relationships. Topology describes the spatial  relationship of geographical  features such as point, lives and polygons to other features.

VECTOR: positioned data on the from of coordinate of the ends of lives segments,  points text  position etc.

Epidemiological data: the scientific process and study of the spread and control of diseases.

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