IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNO-MODULATORY PROPERTIES OF PREBIOTICS EXTRACTED FROM VERNONIA AMYGDALINA

Format: MS WORD | Chapter: 1-5 | Pages: 72 | 1556 Users found this project useful | Price NGN5,000

IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNO-MODULATORY PROPERTIES OF PREBIOTICS EXTRACTED FROM Vernonia amygdalina

ABSTRACT

Prebiotics are non-digestible food substances that when consumed provide a beneficial physiological effect on the host, by selectively stimulating the favourable growth or activity of a limited number of indigenous bacteria. Most known prebiotics are complex carbohydrates commonly found in fruits, vegetables and plant products. Vernonia amygdalina, commonly called bitter leaf is widely consumed in Africa especially in Nigeria. The leaf extract has been reported to contain some prebiotic potential. This study was aimed at identifying and evaluating immuno-modulatory properties of prebiotics extracted from the leaf. The aqueous extract was separated into fractions by Liquid-liquid fractionation and the prebiotic compounds were identified through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).The evaluation of immuno-modulatory effects was conducted by monitoring the effects of oral administration of the aqueous extract on the haematological and lipid profiles of Rattus norvegicus. The animals were distributed into six groups with six animals in each group. One group was designated control while the other five groups were administered different concentrations of the extract. The control group was administered distilled water and the other groups 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the extract respectively, twice daily for three weeks. Blood was collected through the orbital-plexus of the rats to evaluate the effect of the extract on CD4 cells, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb) levels and lipid profile. Five fractions designated E1 to E5, were obtained from the extract. Thin Layer Chromatography analysis of these fractions revealed the presence of fructo-oligosaccharides namely D-fructose, D-arabinose, D-glucose, D-xylose, D-mannose and D-galactose suggesting that these are the prebiotic compounds of the plant extract. The aqueous extract of the plant showed a significant (p<0 .05="" and="" blood="" cd4="" cells="" cholesterol="" density="" effect="" high="" increased="" lipid-="" lipid-cholesterol="" low="" no="" on="" p="" reduction="" significant="" there="" total="" was="" white="">0.05) increased effect on haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) levels. The results of this study show that Vernonia amygdalina leaf extracts contain fructo-oligosaccharides and other prebiotic compounds and can play important roles in the modulation of the immune system.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0

INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Vernonia amygdalina, a member of the Asteraceae family, is a widely used local vegetable inNigeria, Uganda and other African countries. It grows in a range of ecological zones in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Bonsi et al., 1995). The leaf is commonly called “bitter leaf” in English, “Olubu or Onugbo” in Igbo, “Ityuna” in Tiv , “Oriwo” in Edo, “Ewuro” in Yoruba, “Chusar-doki” in Hausa, “Etidot” in Efik, “Omubiriz i” or “Omululuza” in West and Central Uganda; “Olusia” in Luo, Kenya. It is used in vario us food preparations and in ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria and gastrointestinal infections. It is a shrub of 2-5 m tall with petiolate leaves of about 6.0mm wide (Ojiako and Nwanjo, 2006). It is up to 20 cm long and its bark is rough. The bitter taste of the leaf has been attributed to the presence of anti-nutritive principles like saponins, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides (Buttler and Bailey, 1973). There have been several reports on its antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antitumor, antioxidant and antihelminthic properties (Jisaka et al., 1993; Izevbigie, 2003; Farombi, 2003; Ehiagbonare, 2007). Aqueous leaf extracts of V. amygdalina have been previously reported to have prebiotic properties (Ukwah and Ezeonu, 2008; Ezeonu and Ukwah, 2009; Ezeonu et al., 2012).

For many years, medicine depended exclusively on leaves, flowers and barks of plants, until the 1970s when synthetic drugs came into use (Conway, 1973). In orthodox medicine, a plant may be subjected to several chemical processes before its active ingredients are extracted, while in traditional medicine, a plant is simply eaten raw, cooked or infused in water or native wine or even prepared as food (Sofowora, 1992; Jones, 1996; Reynolds, 1996).

DOWNLOAD THE COMPLETE PROJECT

Project information

Project Price

NGN5,000
Number of Pages

72
Number of Chapters

1-5
Additional Content

Abstract & Table of Content

IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNO-MODULATORY PROPERTIES OF PREBIOTICS EXTRACTED FROM VERNONIA AMYGDALINA

Not The Topic You Are Looking For?

For Quick Help Chat with Us Now!

+234 813 292 6373

+233 55 397 8005

Search for your project topic

HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT ON IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNO-MODULATORY PROPERTIES OF PREBIOTICS EXTRACTED FROM VERNONIA AMYGDALINA INSTANTLY

Click on the Download Button above.
Select any option to get the complete project immediately.
Chat with Our Instant Help Desk on +234 813 292 6373 for further assistance.
All projects on our website are well researched by professionals with high level of professionalism.

Here's what our amazing customers are saying

Abraham Ogbanje

NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA

At first I was afraid.. But I discovered they are legit. I will bring more patronize

Very Good

Musa From Ahmadu Bello University

Thank you iprojectmaster for saving my life, please keep it up and may God continue to bless you people.

Excellent

Merry From BSU

I am now a graduate because of iprojectmaster.com, God Bless you guys for me.

Excellent

Gbadamosi Solomon Oluwabunmi

Lasu

Swift delivery within 9 minutes of payment. Thank you project master

Excellent

Peace From Unilag

I cried not knowing how to go about my project but the day i searched online and saw iprojectmaster, i called and got my full project in less than 15minutes, i was shocked!

Excellent

Uduak From Uniuyo

IProjectMaster is the best project site for students. Their works are unique and free of plagiarism!

Excellent

Temitayo Ayodele

Obafemi Awolowo University

My friend told me about iprojectmaster website, I doubted her until I saw her download her full project instantly, I tried mine too and got it instantly, right now, am telling everyone in my school about iprojectmaster.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work

Very Good

JONNAH EHIS

Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo

I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!

Excellent

Dau Mohammed Kabiru

Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya

This is my first time..Your service is superb. But because I was pressed for time, I became jittery when I did not receive feedbackd. I will do more business with you and I will recommend you to my friends. Thank you.

Very Good

Oluchi From Michael Opara University

If you are a student and you have not used iprojectmaster materials, you are missing big time! iprojectmaster is the BEST

Excellent

View All Reviews

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

How do I get this complete project on IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNO-MODULATORY PROPERTIES OF PREBIOTICS EXTRACTED FROM VERNONIA AMYGDALINA? Simply click on the Download button above and follow the procedure stated.
I have a fresh topic that is not on your website. How do I go about it?
How fast can I get this complete project on IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNO-MODULATORY PROPERTIES OF PREBIOTICS EXTRACTED FROM VERNONIA AMYGDALINA? Within 15 minutes if you want this exact project topic without adjustment
Is it a complete research project or just materials? It is a Complete Research Project i.e Chapters 1-5, Abstract, Table of Contents, Full References, Questionnaires / Secondary Data
What if I want to change the case study for IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IMMUNO-MODULATORY PROPERTIES OF PREBIOTICS EXTRACTED FROM VERNONIA AMYGDALINA, What do i do? Chat with Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately
How will I get my complete project? Your Complete Project Material will be sent to your Email Address in Ms Word document format
Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp? Yes! We can send your Complete Research Project to your WhatsApp Number
What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic i picked from your website? Call Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately
Do you assist students with Assignment and Project Proposal? Yes! Call Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately
What if i do not have any project topic idea at all? Smiles! We've Got You Covered. Chat with us on WhatsApp Now to Get Instant Help: +234 813 292 6373
How can i trust this site? We are well aware of fraudulent activities that have been happening on the internet. It is regrettable, but hopefully declining. However, we wish to reinstate to our esteemed clients that we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as "PRIMEDGE TECHNOLOGY". This site runs on Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), therefore all transactions on this site are HIGHLY secure and safe!