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QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSIS OF SOME COMMERCIAL DETERGENT SOLD

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

An emulsifying or cleaning agent called detergent is created by reacting vegetable or animal fats or oils with potassium or sodium hydroxide. The process of generating detergent (saponification) involves the hydrolysis of triglycerides by a base (often NaOH or KOH) to produce three salts (detergent) and glycerol. Depending on the base utilized, the molecules crystallize in various ways. KOH is usually used to make liquid detergents, while NaOH generates a tougher bar (Mohammed and Usman, 2018). 

Oil + 3NaOH = Glycerol + 3 Detergent 

A chemical molecule known as fatty acid is the source of detergent. A long hydrocarbon chain called a detergent molecule has a carboxylic acid group at one end that is bonded to a metal ion, typically sodium or potassium, through an ionic bond. The ionic end is soluble in water, but the hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and highly soluble in non-polar substances. The ability of detergents to emulsify or distribute water-insoluble compounds and keep them in the suspension of water is what gives them their cleaning properties (Mohammed and Usman, 2018). Chemically speaking, detergent is an alkali metal salt of long - chain monocarboxylic acids and is used as a cleaning agent. Chemically speaking, detergent is denoted by the formula CH3COONa, where R- denotes the hydrocarbon chain and is hydrophobic, while CH3COONa denotes the polar group and is hydrophilic. Useful detergents have hydrophilic carbon chains of 12 to 18 for detergency. The detergent cannot remove oil if it has less than 12 hydrophobic carbon atoms, and it can operate as a detergent if it has more than 18 hydrophilic carbon atoms.

Statement of the Problem

The detergent is a detergent but detergent has been used loosely to refer to only synthetic detergent (Abubakar and Anih, 2012). Everyone is familiar with the basic cleaning product known as detergent. Any cleaning agent produced as granules, bars, flakes, or liquid is referred to as detergent. Detergent is made by reacting salts of sodium or potassium with different fatty acids that have naturally occurred in the body (salt of non-volatile fatty acids). Any water-soluble salt of fatty acids with eight or more carbon atoms is referred to as detergent. Detergents are made for many different purposes, such as cleaning, bathing, and administering medication. The cleansing action of the detergent is due to the negative ions on the hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic group of the fatty acids. 

Objectives of the Study

The primary reason detergent is used mostly with water for cleaning reasons is because the hydrocarbon chain has an affinity for oil and grease while the carboxylic group has an affinity for water (Zauro et al. 2016). The process of manufacturing detergent and the quality of the detergent are both influenced by factors. These variables include the caustic soda-lye content, the oil quality, and the amount of water required in its production. The amount of free fatty acids in the oil, how hot the components are before mixing, and how violently you mix will all affect how quickly the oil reacts with the caustic soda. 

The following detergent-making process is accelerated by heat, rapid mixing, and free fatty acid concentrations. The caliber and cleansing power of detergents is determined by their physicochemical composition. A few examples of these physiochemical traits are pH, total fatty matter, free caustic alkali, moisture content, and free fatty acid. The characteristics of the alkali and oil used, together with completing complete saponification, also significantly affect the quality of the detergent (Mohammed and Usman, 2018). Therefore, the current study is aimed at evaluating the quality of selected detergent brands sold in Katsina metropolis.