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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

"The lesson to be learned is that the future belongs to the station to the extent that the station that produces and controls programming well will be successful”. Fepper (1995). Programming as the bedrock and mainstay of broadcasting involves a long-term calculated planned policy expressed in predetermined executable action, which if appropriately implemented and executed as individual programme operations, wins maximum success for station. Dunu (2002). Furthermore, according to Dunu (2002), programme is also defined as the strategic selection of programme materials appropriate or suitable to a particular segment of pre-defined target audience. It is undoubtful that effective programme is synonymous with a successful broadcast station. Broadcast programming involves a series of inter-dependent processes which are expected to satisfy some specific needs of the listening and viewing audience. A programme is a broadcast material created to meet certain specific needs or attain some set objectives and transmitted to some predetermined target audience. Programming in radio involves the task of choosing programmes and scheduling them in meaningful order and evaluating their degree of success and or failure. Indeed, programming is constrained by time. It makes use of daily schedule for the day’s transmission or master schedule for 13, 26, 39, 52 weeks as the case may be.
Programming plays a dual role between the broadcaster who views it as a means of income and society which views it as entertainment and public service. Programming for specific audience is one of the areas of great problem to Nigerian broadcasters. The problem seems to arise primarily from lack of knowledge about the specified audience, the potentials of the radio, communication theory and the objective of broadcasting  in the first instance. In order to increase rating and attain success, broadcast stations employ programming strategies which according to Eastman (1993) are compatibility, habit formation, audience flow control, programme resource conservation, and breath of appeal. Radio programming poses most challenges which include making the programme clear, logical, meaningful and easy to understand . According to Robert Hillard, Radio may represent a character in one setting and in a twinkling transport him - and the audience - to an entirely different one. This is done through  the use of  narration, sound effects and dialogue. Consequently, it is important to note that certain indices exist that undermine the quality of broadcast programmes specifically radio programmes in Nigeria. It has been discovered that government censorship and  financial control of most broadcast stations affect the quality of programmes aired. A case in point is where incumbent government insists that airtimes be utilized in sychophany and  praise singing  broadcast of the government in power. Post and pre-censorship of programmes are in too.
There is a common saying  in regard to mass media  control in Nigeria  and  elsewhere which has become a cliche that “he who pays the piper dictates the tune”. This means that the owner of a mass media channel controls what the medium broadcast and how it broadcasts it as the case of Anambra broadcasting service Awka. Surely control through ownership is a fact of life in every society, but then the nature of this control usually varies greatly depending upon the political system, the orientation of political leaders in control of government and the political climate prevailing  the caliber of Journalists and  other professionals communicators. These forces exert control over the broadcast media in the  sense that their individual or combine influences could shape the content, activities and orientation of the broadcasting  media   quite  considerably, depending upon the magnitude of  influences and  these affect the quality of the programmes. The broadcasters, before giving information considers if the “piper” likes it or not. They shave out the parts that will not be pleasant to the “Piper” and not considering what the public (audience) needs to hear. This is a major problem that affects the quality of ‘events from government house’, a radio programme in ABS, Awka. Any information that is not accepted by the government who is the ‘Piper’ cannot be disseminated to the public. Aside from this, it has also been discovered that lack of qualified staff and use of obsolete equipment has become a huge  stumbling block and hindrance to effective   quality programmes.
Effective programming  requires well talented and trained staff with the right orientation and sound judgment in the intricacies of broadcast productions. These include writers, directors, producers, presenters, engineers, maintenance staff, announcers, etc. Programming involves putting the right peg in the right hole. Therefore, the personnel required for programming affects it to a large extent . Thus when the staff lack talent or are not creative, programmes lose their integrity and attraction. It takes a creative mind to put out a fantastic performance. When a mind is creative, it has the ability of putting together research findings. The radio station of Anambra broadcasting service (ABS) Awka, is an example of one of the  most broadcasting stations  where untrained staff and  analog or obsolete equipment are  still much in use  rather than the recent digital and computerized system. It is also plagued with the absence of quality   transmitters that makes radio broadcasting programmes  epileptic.
Oftentimes most of the content of programmes being aired  are not entertaining, educative and  informative. Programmes aired by radio broadcast should basically  focus on development, that is such transmissions that can spur people to greater individual and national development. It should also focus on how to sustain the attention of their listening and viewing audience. It should include  hooks, suspense and  other attention-getting  device. Programme   for broadcast is meant to  be  supplement to formal school offering but it is not so in Nigerian context. However, the recent Nigerian Broadcasting Commission (NBC) guideline stipulating 60% local content of any programming effort though good is adversely affecting the quality of most indigenous programmes. Misuse of the broadcast media for political purpose has  always  constituted a serious problem in the country. Government   and private broadcast media sometimes disregard the started objectives of their organisatiosn by allowing their channels to be used for political selfish ends by political lackeys. The ABS radio station is sometimes being hampered by  lack of significant independence in programming  because the prime viewing   time has been  taken over by network programmes which the ABS radio station is meant to hook onto. The scheduling of some of these radio station broadcast programmes does not coincide with audience activity. This is evident in the time scheduling to some programmes which does not suit with the timing of the listeners. For instance, ABS, Awka airs the radio programme ‘Events from Government House’ at 5.30am. This time is not convenient for its audience as they might not be awake by that time and so wrong audience who now listen to it may not understand the quality of such programmes. Lack of continuity  of such programmes and effective feedback and lack of proper research on the  subject matter are also cankerworms that have hindered the production of  quality  radio programmes.
Most times, radio programmes  are  haphazardly done, and  because of this, quality programmes will never be the end product. The feedback system through phone–in-facilities has become the lazy way out of programme production. Producers are no longer keen in searching for qualitative artists to discuss programmes on radio. Instead they allow unguarded or uncontrolled outbursts from listeners who are privileged to have telephone in their homes but  do not  know what  to do with them. Years ago, listeners where encouraged to write letters to producers  of programmes and such letters have been constructive and of tremendous help in improving the quality of broadcast programmes. It is difficult to explain why a developing country like Nigeria will issue licenses to broadcast operators just to play music. This is true, but sad development. Broadcast Media should be channel towards development efforts and this pre-supposes the fact that recipients of broadcast messages should be part of programmes conceptualization and implementation. Every radio programme in Nigeria should be   backed up by researchers.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF RADIO BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA
Over the decades, broadcasting in Nigeria has served as the channel for government propaganda. Radio has been found to be very useful, because it is  popular  with the rural population and also enjoys the  intimacy which other media of communication lack. In developed world, radio has been used for development purposes. Programmes that are meant to achieve these development purposes have been conceived and executed at the various levels of the society. In  Nigeria, however, radio has been seen as a one-way communication channel in which the government communicates to the governed without an appropriate feed-back  system. Radio, according to Microsoft Encarta Premium (2009) is a  system of communication employing electromagnetic waves propagated through space. It has been acknowledge universally as a very important  means of disseminating  information of all the modern means of communication in the world,  radio is the most popular  because  the majority  by of the members of the public have access to it. Moreover, radio has the capability of achieving its programmes for both literates and illiterates. This is particularly true in a developing country like Nigeria with its high illiteracy level. Newspapers, Magazines, posters and books which are the print media can hardly reach the illiterates. Radio can, because it employs the oral vernacular as well as   television. Launery (1962) observed  and  said:  “Africa will in large measure own their freedom and newly found place in the world to two singular technological developments. The dry cell battery powered portable offer leaders of Africa’s newly independent countries that only practical means of reaching much of their people most of the time”.  
Radio is supplemental. Most radio listening occurs while   we are doing something else–driving working, studying cleaning, falling asleep, waking up and so on. Radio rarely is the prime focus of our attention; it provides an audio background for our activities. Also radio is portable. Virtually every household has at least one working and almost every car  is equipped with radio. Some radio sets, like the walkman, are small and personal.  Others like the boom box, are big and public. No matter their size, radio sets are easily transported and go every where-the beach, sporting events , jogging trails, the work place etc. Car radios provide  news and entertainment  to commuters on  their way to and from work. Infact, it is hard to find a place where radio cannot go. Radio broadcasting in Nigeria dates back to 1932 and has its roots in England. It started as ‘wireless for monitoring and relaying programmes  from the  British  Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for the interest of her colonial servants’. Church (2009:9). Before independence, all the programmes are packaged and relayed from BBC in London. Radio in Nigeria between 1937 and  1955 was an extension of oversea broadcasting organization. Programmes were purely British, sometimes tailored to suit the task of the colonial listeners. 
In 1951, the Nigerian Broadcasting Service (NBS) was  formally inaugurated as a relay station working closely with  the BBC. The ordinance No. 36 of 1956 heralded the setting up of the  Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) which was  set up among other functions, ‘ to provide  independent and impartial broadcasting services” within Nigeria. The NBC tried to maintain a national profile in its operation but according to Lan Mackay (1964) “it failed to provide a regional image to the satisfaction of the  regional government’. The growth of radio stations often followed the creation of more states in the country. An example is in 1976 when the country was divided into 19 states, radio stations increased. The NBC later changed its name to Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) in 1979. Today in Nigeria, all the states of the Federation enjoy the broadcast service of FRCN along with the state owned stations like Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS), Awka. That had made radio to be the medium of the widest audience in the country. Radio is the most obvious as well as the most effective means of mass communication in Nigeria because its impact is immediate and enduring. Therefore, radio broadcasting is regarded as a national undertaking of the highest order and an indispensable element for  public motivation by every government. Political, social and technical considerations are the cardinal reasons for the proliferation of FM radio stations in Nigeria.
The federal government decided to restrict state radio stations to medium wave broadcast on December 8, 1979. This  led to the setting   up of FM station by some government  in Nigeria. This brought the existence of the many FM stereos and other FM stations. The Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS) Awka is a disengagement from Anambra Broadcasting Service, Enugu in 1992. The ABS Awka originally started in 1960 at Enugu as the Eastern Nigerian Broadcasting corporation (ENBC) which was  later renamed the East  Central State Broadcasting Service (ECBS) of 1971 after the civil war at  Enugu. The then ECBS has a television and a radio arm, which   was later spilt into Anambra Broadcasting Corporation and the Eastern Nigerian Television Authority (ENTV) as of 1976.      
Subsequently, the ABS was renamed the Anambra Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Eastern Nigerian Television Authority (ENTA) was renamed as the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) with subsequent political charges, merging took place in 1985 under a re-organization exercise which resulted to the ABS Enugu. Anambra Broadcasting Corporation and Anambra television which came into existence by Jim Nwobodo were the two stations that merged and this was backed up by the then government Edict No 6 of 1985 and later by the Edict No 4  of 1987 as a  corporate establishment. After the creation of states in 1992, Anambra Broadcasting Service or corporation disengaged from ABS Enugu as an autonomous corporate establishment and backed by the Edict No 4 of 1987 under the Ministry of Information with specified   scheme of service and the conditions of services for staff regulations and welfare.  
Government Regulations of Broadcasting  
Among the different media of mass communication, the broadcast media have always been a source of worry to government. One major reason for government control of broadcasting is based on the fact that the airwaves (electro-magnetic spectrum) are a scarce and public resource. It is argued that this resource should be controlled and allotted by the government in the way best suitable for serving the public good. Another reason for government control of broadcasting derives from the perceived power of broadcasting to influence public opinion, given the peculiar characteristics of broadcast media. From its inception, therefore, government has sought to exercise control over the broadcast media. It is not usually the case with the print. Consequently, for a long time in virtually every third world country, the government owned and controlled all broadcast media. The defence often offered for the adoption of  this prevalent ownership pattern in developing  world is that there is an urgent need for national development and that the government needs to control the mass media so as to better  use them to achieve the national goal. However, government control of Broadcasting has always involved more than ownership, and extends beyond government owned media to include privately owned broadcast media. Even in most advanced democracies, broadcasting is subject to government regulation which varies in degrees from country to country. In the United States of America, for instance, the government regulates broadcasting through the Federal Communication Commission (FCC). This is the body established by the United States Congress in 1934 and empowered to regulate radio, television, and telephone communication. Bittner (1980:326).  
In Nigeria, the equivalent of the FCC is the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) which was established by Decree 38 of 1992. This decree gives wide – ranging powers to NBC to regulate and control the broadcast industry in the country. Licensing process and control is one way the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) regulates the broadcast industry. The then information minister, Chief John Nwodo (Jnr) says:  “‘under the National Broadcasting Commission Decree No.38 of 1992, the commission is empowered to receive, process and consider applications for ownership of radio and television stations including cable to services, direct satellite broadcast and other medium of broadcasting” Establishments licensed to broadcast under Decree No. 38 of 1992, are subject to strict monitoring and control by the commission in relation to purely technical as well as to regulate the type of broadcast equipment to be used by it. Operators of license stations are obliged to make their broadcast facilities (including equipment and station log book) available for inspection by the inspectorate staff of the commission. Another control Mechanism can be seen in the fees which Broadcasting Association of Nigeria called for a review of fees payable by broadcasting houses arguing that ‘this will remove the present situation of unilateral imposition of asphyxiating fees in millions of Naira on broadcasting stations by the NBC’. Quality of Radio Broadcasting in Nigeria How could the programme content be improved in order to achieve national idea of combating most on the social ills of the society, is one important question which needed to be asked in this study. This brings the word ‘Quality’ which means a general standard.     
The quality of Radio Broadcasting could be determined by the good or bad programmes rendered to the listeners.  A quality radio broadcast programme as articulated in the National broadcasting code of 1993 is meant to:
A)     Cover the areas of education, entertainment and information.
B)     Promote social values and norms, civic and social responsibilities
C)     Promote the acquisition or pursuit of knowledge.
D)     Promote the physical, mental and social well–being of the people
E)     Foster the spirit of self discipline and self sacrifice
F)     And encourage the prevention and development of human values and respect of the dignity of man.
The services rendered by the Nigerian Broadcasting commission has achieved little or no benefit. For instance, broadcasting to the Mass audience has the ability to transcend illiteracy and other traditional barriers associated with the print media programme. Contents of radio which is programme should be  given a careful consideration and  every decision that has to do with the proposed programme should be evaluated in  line   with the expectations of the intended audience. The ability to reach specialized audience and penetrating the lives of virtually the entire world population could mean that   radio broadcasting has high quality in rating.
Objective of Radio Broadcasting     
Radio broadcasting has come a long way like many countries in Africa. It has evolved from transmitting programmes  from the home countries of the colonialists to the poor natives in Africa. Radio in this sense had been effective in brain washing the Africans on  what their colonial masters were doing to cater for their interests. At independence, the African leaders were to know the effect of broadcasting on the people and so used it as government megaphone. Radio broadcasting is a medium that could be used for a lot of purposes. It could help to report the activities of the people for government attention and because of the high illiteracy level, radio broadcasting is preferred to other media of communication because  of its portability and its flexibility in programming. Government policies could be translated into local languages and broadcast to the people. It is not therefore  surprising that broadcasting has been adopted to propagate the ideas of a government  in power to  the detriment  of the people they are supposed  to serve.
1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM     
This nation Nigeria is constantly facing the problem of illiteracy coupled with ignorance. Different qualitative programmes have been adopted and old ones discarded in preference to new ones in order to educate the masses. But the big question here is ‘have all these programmes been able to inform, entertain and educate the people?”. Radio broadcast programmes always have an objective behind it which it tends to achieve which are information, entertainment and education. The question is “how far have this been fulfilled and accomplished?”. Producers moreover, tried to change and modify their progrmames in perception of what the audience wants to know and mostly to the choice or decision of the ‘Piper’.  Also a constant problem to the producers is the issue of timing of the  programmes. Some of the programmes are projected at the period not suitable for  the audience and consequently, audience perception and reception of the programmes become a serious concern  to the producers.     
The problem of two-way flow of information (feedback) between the producers of these programmes and  their audience constitutes a challenge to the  said issues.      Also unavailability of certain facilities and use of obsolete  equipments will definitely  hinder the  effectiveness of this programme. And the question is “to what extent has government.  assistance  especially in the  area of power supply been felt?”. Lack of adequate financing of local programmes is not forgotten. These   and many more questions are being raised in order to give appropriate response to the issue of quality broadcasting. Questionnaire, interviews and participant observations are designed to examine the hindrance to quality radio broadcast programmes.
1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY       
This study is with the view to examine critically the state of programmes and programming in Anambra State, with the aim of discovering all the hindrances to effective programmes.  Broadcast has been defined as the single most powerful means of information dissemination. This lie in the nature of broadcasting seeing that it is all pervasive and persuasive, especially radio, which can transcend the barriers of illiteracy time and location to capture the mind of audience. A radio broadcast programme in Nigeria has consequently become a powerful tool for influencing the public. This research work also aims at assessing the objectives of Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS) with which the present investigation is concerned in the production of quality radio broadcast programmes. This study is equally aimed at suggesting adequate solutions to the factors that affect the quality of radio broadcast programme.
1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY     
Radio is one of the instruments for disseminating information to the mass media audience that are heterogeneous, diversified and with different cultural background. Radio stations are expressing opinions to its target audience and trying to sell its  ideas to the audience through well planned and systematically organised programmes at all times.      This research work will assist and let programmes producers or radio stations to understand the factors affecting the quality of the radio programme ‘family forum’. Equally, it will enable them to  know how to plan  a programme that  is of a high  quality. It will furthermore, help the programme planners to monitor and adjust their airtime as time requirement must be evaluated realistically even if it involves eliminating some segments of the production. This will encourage and require the programme producers to produce quality broadcast programmes to suit their audience which according to Eastman  (1993), broadcast station must employ the use of programming strategies such as  compatibility, habit formation, audience flow control, programme resource conservation, and breath of appeal.  This research study will help the government know the areas where it has to support the media and also remind the radio programme producers about the objective of radio broadcasting.
1.5   RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions were formulated and tested  in this research.
1)      Does funding of ABS by the state government affect its activities profession wise?. 
2)      Do differences in culture, language and custom affect the quality of the radio programme ‘Family Forum’ of ABS Awka?.
3)      Does lack of proper personnel and modern equipment affect the quality of the radio programme ‘Family Forum’ of ABS, Awka?.
4)      Does lack of knowledge of programming strategies affects the quality of the radio programme Family Forum’ of ABS Awka?.
5)      Does profit motive make it possible for the neglect of the function  of broadcasting by ABS, Awka?.
1.6    RESEARCH  HYPOTHESIS
This study will definitely answer and give solutions to fully understand and achieve the purpose of this research. These questions will appear in some hypothetical formulations which will be proven later in the course of research.    
H1    Funding of ABS by the state government affects its activities profession wise  
H0    Funding of ABS by the state government does not affect its activities profession wise.
H2    Differences in culture, language and custom affect the quality of the radio programme ‘Family Forum’ of ABS, Awka  
H0    Differences in culture, language and custom does not affect the quality of the radio programme ‘Family Forum’ of ABS, Awka.
H3    Lack of proper personnel and modern equipment affect the quality of the radio programme ‘Family Forum’ of ABS, Awka.  
H0    Lack of proper personnel and modern equipment does not affect the quality of the radio programme ‘Family Forum’ of ABS, Awka.
H4    Lack of knowledge of programming strategies affects  the quality of the radio programme ‘Family Forum’ of ABS, Awka.
H0    Lack of knowledge of programming strategies does not affects the quality of the radio programme ‘Family Forum’ of ABS, Awka.
H5   Profit motive make it possible for the neglect of the function of broadcasting by ABS, Awka
H0   Profit motive  does not make it possible for the neglect of the function of broadcasting by ABS, Awka .
1.7  DEFINITION OF TERMS  
Conceptual Definition  
Radio:   An electronic device through which audio messages are sent across to unidentified and scattered audience simultaneously.
Programme:  According to Dictionary of Mass Communication, it is a clearly defined and labeled fragment of a television or radio output that is distinguishable from non program such as advertising.
Audience:   The group of consumers for whom the media text was constructed as well as anyone else  who is  exposed to it. It also includes individuals who read a newspaper or magazines, listen to radio and view television broadcast.
Broadcasting : A method  of transmitting radio, internet or television signals to a number of recipients (listeners or viewers) that belong to a large  group which maybe  the public in general or a relatively large  audience within the public in general.
Quality:  The general standard or grade of something. It also means the highest or finest standard.
Family Forum : A medium in which the public debate on family issue or express opinions on family.
Factors:  Things that contribute to or has an influence on the outcome of something.
Operational Definition
Radio :   Anambra Broadcasting Service (Radio) through which  the people living in and  around Awka listen to family forum programme.
Programme:      ABS daily activities.
Audience :   ABS people living in and  around Awka for whom ‘Family Forum’ was constructed as well as  anyone else who listens to ‘Family Forum’.
Broadcasting : A persuasive channel of communication through which ABS  reaches its audience who are people who listen to ‘Family Forum’.
Quality :   The standard of family Forum that is affected by a contribution  to the result of another thing that is not of standard like government control of the media.
Family Forum  : A radio programme of ABS  in which members of the public debate and express their opinions on family issues.
Factors:    Things that  contribute to the inefficiency of family forum.
1.8    ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY         
The assumption of a study helps to provide the basic foundation for hypothesis.  Nwodu (2006). In this study, the researcher raised a number of assumptions. The researcher assumes that there are factors that affect the quality of radio broadcast programme   in Nigeria. Other assumptions include:
1.    That the NBC and FRCN may not be efficient in their activities.
2.    That the  government control affects the  quality of radio broadcast programme in Nigeria
3.   That obsolete facilities and equipment hinder the quality of radio broadcast programmes in Nigeria.
1.9         LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
This research work would be appropriate if the coverage of the study included the entire radio stations in Nigeria but because of the time within which the study is supposed to be completed,  this work has been limited to cover  the Anambra Broadcasting Service, Awka. Also, as a result of some constraints, it is impossible to cover all the states in Nigeria, thus this  research shall be confined  to Anambra Broadcasting Service, Awka.
Financial constraint constituted another limitation to the study. This was also overcome by narrowly down the scope of research to Anambra Broadcasting Service, Awka. Some staff who were initially approached to answer questions put to them, declined to comment. 

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