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IMPORTANCE OF CALCIUM IN NUTRITION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes within the human body. It is most commonly recognized for its importance in building and maintaining strong bones and teeth, constituting about 99% of the calcium stored in the body (National Institutes of Health [NIH], 2023). Beyond its structural functions, calcium is also vital for several biochemical reactions and physiological functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and hormone secretion (Weaver et al., 2016). This multifaceted role makes calcium a key player in human nutrition, underscoring the importance of adequate dietary intake to prevent health complications.

Calcium's significance in bone health cannot be overstated. Adequate calcium intake during childhood and adolescence is critical for achieving peak bone mass, which reduces the risk of osteoporosis and fractures in later life (Weaver et al., 2016). The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified calcium deficiency as a major public health concern, particularly in populations where dairy consumption is low (WHO, 2020). Inadequate calcium intake during these critical developmental periods can lead to bone health issues that persist throughout life, highlighting the necessity of addressing calcium nutrition from a young age.

Moreover, calcium plays an essential role in muscle function. It is required for the contraction of skeletal muscles and the functioning of cardiac muscles. When a nerve stimulates a muscle, calcium ions are released, enabling muscle contraction (Zhou et al., 2021). This mechanism is not only vital for movement but also for maintaining heart rhythm and function. Consequently, inadequate calcium levels can lead to muscle cramps, spasms, and, in severe cases, cardiac issues, emphasizing the mineral's importance beyond skeletal health.

In addition to its roles in bone and muscle health, calcium is integral to the nervous system. Calcium ions are crucial for the release of neurotransmitters, which facilitate communication between neurons (Berridge, 2018). Disruptions in calcium homeostasis can adversely affect neurological functions, potentially leading to disorders such as anxiety and depression. Research indicates that optimal calcium levels may support cognitive function and emotional well-being, further illustrating the mineral's comprehensive impact on health (Pérez-López et al., 2021).

Calcium also has a role in regulating various physiological functions, including blood clotting. It is necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, a critical step in the coagulation cascade (Miller et al., 2020). Calcium deficiency can lead to increased bleeding risk, underscoring the importance of maintaining adequate calcium levels for proper blood function.

Furthermore, recent studies have explored the association between calcium intake and chronic diseases, including hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Some evidence suggests that adequate calcium consumption may help regulate blood pressure and reduce the risk of developing hypertension, although the mechanisms underlying this association remain an area of active research (Kappus et al., 2020). Despite its significance, many individuals do not meet the

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