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OSTEOPOROSIS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Osteoporosis is a significant global health issue characterized by decreased bone density and increased fragility, leading to a heightened risk of fractures. It is often termed a "silent disease" because it can progress without noticeable symptoms until a fracture occurs (Vogel et al., 2020). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), osteoporosis affects millions of individuals worldwide, particularly postmenopausal women, elderly individuals, and those with certain chronic health conditions. The prevalence of osteoporosis has risen dramatically over the past few decades, primarily due to an aging population and lifestyle factors, making it a crucial area of research (Hernandez et al., 2018).

The condition results from an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, which can be influenced by various factors, including hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, and physical inactivity. Estrogen plays a vital role in maintaining bone density; hence, postmenopausal women are particularly at risk due to decreased estrogen levels (Bliuc et al., 2019). Additionally, low calcium and vitamin D intake have been identified as critical factors contributing to the development of osteoporosis (Mänttäri et al., 2020).

Epidemiologically, osteoporosis is more prevalent in women than men, with estimates suggesting that one in three women and one in five men over the age of 50 will experience an osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime (Cummings & Melton, 2020). The most common sites of osteoporotic fractures include the hip, spine, and wrist. These fractures can lead to severe morbidity, increased mortality, and significant healthcare costs. For instance, hip fractures are associated with a high rate of complications, including prolonged hospitalization and reduced quality of life (Li et al., 2019).

Despite its prevalence, osteoporosis often goes undiagnosed and untreated. Many individuals are unaware of their condition until they experience a fracture, underscoring the need for increased awareness and screening (Wang et al., 2021). Advances in diagnostic techniques, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), allow for early detection and monitoring of bone density changes, facilitating timely intervention (Weaver et al., 2019). Treatment options include lifestyle modifications, nutritional supplementation, and pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing fracture risk.

The impact of osteoporosis extends beyond the individual, affecting families and healthcare systems. The emotional and psychological burden on patients and caregivers, along with the economic costs associated with treatment and rehabilitation, necessitates a comprehensive approach to osteoporosis management (Bliuc et al., 2019). Public health initiatives aimed at

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