Sexual Dimorphism in Atlas Vertebral Dimensions Among Undergraduate Students
Abstract
The study examines sexual dimorphism in atlas vertebral dimensions among undergraduate students. The atlas, or first cervical vertebra, is a distinctive component of the upper cervical spine that supports the skull and contributes to cervical movement and stability. Its dimensions may demonstrate differences between male and female individuals, and the assessment of these differences can provide useful information for anatomical identification, radiological interpretation, forensic investigations, and clinical procedures involving the upper cervical spine. Establishing dimensional patterns within a defined population is therefore relevant to anatomical and anthropometric research. The study aims to determine the dimensions of the atlas vertebra among male and female undergraduate students and assess the extent of sexual dimorphism in selected atlas measurements. It will specifically evaluate selected dimensions of the anterior and posterior arches, lateral masses, transverse processes, and vertebral foramen and compare the measurements between the sexes. A cross-sectional descriptive research design will be adopted for the study. Undergraduate students who meet the predetermined inclusion criteria will be selected using an appropriate sampling technique. Atlas vertebral dimensions will be assessed using standardized osteological or appropriate imaging-based measurement procedures and anatomical landmarks. The collected data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, while appropriate inferential statistical tests will be used to compare the selected measurements between male and female participants. The study is expected to reveal differences in selected atlas vertebral dimensions between male and female undergraduate students. Some measurements may demonstrate greater dimensional values in one sex than the other, while other parameters may show limited differences. The findings are also expected to identify the atlas dimensions that demonstrate the most noticeable sex-related variation within the study population. The findings are expected to provide useful reference information for anatomists, anthropologists, radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and forensic practitioners. The results may contribute to the interpretation of cervical spine imaging, anatomical identification, forensic assessment, preoperative planning, and improved understanding of sex-related variation in the morphology of the atlas vertebra. The study will conclude by determining the extent of sexual dimorphism in selected atlas vertebral dimensions among undergraduate students. It will recommend the use of standardized measurement procedures in future anatomical investigations and encourage studies involving larger and more diverse populations to establish broader population-specific reference data for atlas vertebral dimensions.
Keywords: atlas vertebra, first cervical vertebra, sexual dimorphism, vertebral dimensions, cervical spine, anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass, transverse process, vertebral foramen, osteometry, morphometry, undergraduate students, anatomical variation, forensic anatomy.
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