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Sexual Dimorphism in Palmaris Longus Muscle Morphology Among Undergraduate Students

Abstract

The study examines sexual dimorphism in palmaris longus muscle morphology among undergraduate students, with emphasis on differences in the anatomical characteristics of the muscle between male and female individuals. The palmaris longus is a superficial muscle of the anterior compartment of the forearm that contributes to tension of the palmar aponeurosis and flexion of the wrist. Its presence, absence, muscle belly configuration, tendon characteristics, and other morphological features may vary considerably among individuals. The study will assess selected morphological characteristics of the palmaris longus muscle and compare their distribution between male and female undergraduate students. The specific objectives will include determining the presence or absence of the muscle, documenting observable variations in its muscle belly and tendon configuration, assessing selected morphological characteristics, and determining whether differences exist between male and female participants. A cross-sectional descriptive research design will be adopted for the study. An appropriate sample of undergraduate students will be selected using a suitable sampling technique. The palmaris longus muscle will be assessed through standardized clinical anatomical examination procedures, with appropriate imaging methods employed where necessary to evaluate relevant morphological features. The collected data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, while appropriate inferential tests will be applied to determine the statistical significance of observed differences between male and female groups. The study is expected to reveal variation in the morphology of the palmaris longus muscle among the participants, with some characteristics potentially demonstrating differences between male and female groups. Variations may be observed in the presence or absence of the muscle, muscle belly configuration, tendon characteristics, and other measurable features. The extent and statistical significance of these differences will depend on the characteristics of the study population and the specific morphological parameters assessed. The findings will be useful to anatomists, orthopaedic surgeons, plastic and reconstructive surgeons, physiotherapists, radiologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in the assessment of the upper limb. Knowledge of sexual differences in palmaris longus morphology may provide useful anatomical reference information and may be relevant when the palmaris longus tendon is considered for reconstructive procedures. The study may also contribute to the understanding of normal anatomical variation within the forearm. The study will conclude by documenting the morphological characteristics of the palmaris longus muscle and assessing patterns of sexual dimorphism among the study population. It is recommended that standardized clinical and imaging-based procedures be used when evaluating palmaris longus morphology, while further studies involving larger and more diverse populations should be conducted to establish broader anatomical reference data.

Keywords: Sexual dimorphism, palmaris longus, muscle morphology, anatomical variation, forearm muscles, upper limb anatomy, muscle belly, tendon morphology, undergraduate students, sex differences, clinical anatomy, reconstructive surgery, wrist anatomy, morphometry, human anatomy.