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Sexual Dimorphism in Temporomandibular Joint Dimensions Among Undergraduate Students

Abstract

The study examines sexual dimorphism in temporomandibular joint dimensions among undergraduate students, with emphasis on differences in selected anatomical measurements of the joint between male and female individuals. The temporomandibular joint is a synovial joint formed between the mandibular condyle and the temporal bone and is essential for mandibular movements involved in mastication, speech, and other oral functions. Variations in the dimensions of its components may occur between individuals and may provide useful information on anatomical differences within the craniofacial region. The study will determine selected dimensions of the temporomandibular joint among undergraduate students and compare the measurements between male and female participants. The specific objectives will include measuring selected dimensions of the mandibular condyle, mandibular fossa, and articular eminence, determining the mean values of the selected measurements, comparing the observed dimensions between male and female participants, and identifying whether statistically significant differences exist between the groups. A cross-sectional descriptive research design will be adopted for the study. An appropriate sample of male and female undergraduate students will be selected using a suitable sampling technique. Temporomandibular joint dimensions will be obtained using standardized imaging-based or anatomical measurement procedures, depending on the assessment method available for the study. The collected data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, while appropriate independent-group inferential tests will be applied to determine whether significant differences exist between male and female participants. The study is expected to reveal differences in selected temporomandibular joint dimensions between male and female undergraduate students. Some measurements of the mandibular condyle, mandibular fossa, or articular eminence may demonstrate higher mean values in one group than the other, while other measurements may show little or no statistically significant difference. The findings are expected to provide evidence of measurable sex-related variation in selected dimensions of the temporomandibular joint within the study population. The findings will be useful to anatomists, dentists, orthodontists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, radiologists, physiotherapists, and other healthcare professionals involved in the assessment and management of the temporomandibular region. Information on sex-related differences in temporomandibular joint dimensions may support anatomical education, interpretation of imaging findings, orthodontic and surgical assessment, and understanding of individual craniofacial anatomical variation. The study will conclude by documenting the selected dimensions of the temporomandibular joint and determining the extent of sexual dimorphism among the study population. It is recommended that standardized imaging and measurement procedures be used when assessing temporomandibular joint dimensions and that further studies involving larger and more diverse populations be conducted to establish broader anatomical reference values for the joint.

Keywords: Temporomandibular joint, sexual dimorphism, joint dimensions, mandibular condyle, mandibular fossa, articular eminence, craniofacial anatomy, anatomical variation, morphometry, undergraduate students, mandibular measurements, dental anatomy, oral anatomy, joint morphology, radiological anatomy.