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THE EFFECT OF Cisampelous Owarensis BENZENE FRACTION ON GLUCOSE ABSORPTION ACROSS THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM OF WISTER RATS ON ALOXAN INDUCED DIABETES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels, and its prevalence is increasing globally (1). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of people with diabetes worldwide has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, and this trend is expected to continue, with predictions suggesting that the global diabetes burden will reach 642 million by 2040 (2). The search for alternative treatments has led to the investigation of medicinal plants, such as Cisampelous owanrensisis (3).

Cisampelous owanrensisis is a plant commonly found in tropical regions of Africa and Asia, and has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat various ailments, including diabetes (4). The plant contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, glycosides, and phenolic acids, which have been shown to have potential antidiabetic effects (5). The benzene fraction of Cisampelous owanrensisis has been reported to have hypoglycemic activity in animal models of diabetes (6), but its effect on glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium is not well understood.

Glucose absorption is a critical process that occurs in the small intestine, where dietary glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream (7). In diabetes, impaired glucose absorption can contribute to hyperglycemia and worsen disease severity (8). The intestinal epithelium plays a crucial role in glucose absorption, and alterations in its structure and function can impact glucose uptake (9). Understanding the effects of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction on glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium may provide insights into its potential as a natural remedy for diabetes management.

Studies have shown that medicinal plants, including Cisampelous owanrensisis, can modulate glucose absorption by influencing the activity of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase (10). Additionally, these plants may also affect the expression of genes involved in glucose transport, such as SGLT1 and GLUT2 (11). However, the specific mechanisms by which Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction affects glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium remain unclear.

Further research is needed to elucidate the effects of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction on glucose absorption and to determine its potential as a natural remedy for diabetes management. This study aims to investigate the effect of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction on glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of Wistar rats with alloxan-induced diabetes.

1.2 Statement of Problems

The mechanisms of glucose absorption in the intestines of diabetic rats are not well understood. Despite the significant progress made in understanding the pathophysiology of diabetes, the exact mechanisms of glucose absorption in the intestines of diabetic rats remain unclear (1). Several studies have investigated the effects of diabetes on intestinal glucose absorption, but the results are inconsistent and often contradictory (2, 3). For example, some studies have reported increased glucose absorption in diabetic rats (4), while others have found decreased absorption (5). The inconsistencies in these findings highlight the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms of glucose absorption in diabetic rats.

Furthermore, the potential of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction in enhancing glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium has not been investigated. Cisampelous owanrensisis is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including the treatment of diabetes (6). However, its potential in enhancing glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium has not been explored. The benzene fraction of Cisampelous owanrensisis has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (7), which may contribute to its potential in enhancing glucose absorption. However, further research is needed to determine the effects of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction on glucose absorption in diabetic rats.

The lack of understanding of the mechanisms of glucose absorption in diabetic rats and the unexplored potential of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction in enhancing glucose absorption highlight the need for further research in this area. This study aims to investigate the effect of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction on glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of diabetic rats and to determine the optimal dose of the benzene fraction that enhances glucose absorption.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

1.     To investigate the effect of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction on glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of Wistar rats with alloxan-induced diabetes.

2.     To determine the optimal dose of the benzene fraction that enhances glucose absorption.

3.     To compare the effect of the benzene fraction with that of metformin, a standard antidiabetic drug.

1.4 Research Questions

1.     Does Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction enhance glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of diabetic Wistar rats?

2.     What is the optimal dose of the benzene fraction that enhances glucose absorption?

3.     How does the effect of the benzene fraction compare with that of metformin?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

Research Hypothesis 1

Null Hypothesis (H0): Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction does not significantly enhance glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of diabetic Wistar rats (p > 0.05).

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction significantly enhances glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of diabetic Wistar rats (p ≤ 0.05).

Research Hypothesis 2

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of diabetic Wistar rats among different doses of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction (p > 0.05).

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference in glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of diabetic Wistar rats among different doses of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction, and an optimal dose can be determined (p ≤ 0.05).

Research Hypothesis 3

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference in glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of diabetic Wistar rats between Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction and metformin (p > 0.05).

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference in glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of diabetic Wistar rats between Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction and metformin, with one being more effective than the other (p ≤ 0.05).

1.6 Significance of Study

This study will contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of glucose absorption in the intestines of diabetic rats. It will provide insights into the potential of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction as a natural remedy for enhancing glucose absorption.

1.7 Scope of Study

This study will focus on the effect of Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction on glucose absorption across the intestinal epithelium of Wistar rats with alloxan-induced diabetes. The study will be conducted in vitro using isolated intestinal epithelial cells and in vivo using Wistar rats.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Glucose absorption: The process by which glucose is absorbed across the intestinal epithelium into the bloodstream.

Intestinal epithelium: The layer of cells lining the intestine responsible for absorption and secretion.

Cisampelous owanrensisis benzene fraction: A plant extract obtained from Cisampelous owanrensisis using benzene as a solvent.

Alloxan-induced diabetes.

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