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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus, is a rare but serious fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes. While it's typically found in soil and decaying organic matter, it can also affect humans, particularly those with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes, cancer, or organ transplant recipients.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite its rarity, the recent surge in mucormycosis cases, especially among COVID-19 patients, has raised concerns globally. Understanding the epidemiology of mucormycosis is crucial for effective prevention and management strategies.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to determine the epidemiology of mucormycosis. Specific objectives include:

i. To evaluate the impact of underlying health conditions on the incidence of mucormycosis.

ii. To determine the role of immunosuppression in predisposing individuals to mucormycosis.

iii. To find out the association between mucormycosis and specific treatment regimens, particularly in COVID-19 patients.

1.4 Research Questions

i. What is the prevalence of mucormycosis among individuals with underlying health conditions?

ii. What is the relationship between immunosuppression and the development of mucormycosis?

iii. How does the use of certain treatment regimens, especially in COVID-19 patients, influence the risk of mucormycosis?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

Hypothesis I

H0: There is no significant impact of underlying health conditions on the incidence of mucormycosis.

H1: There is a significant impact of underlying health conditions on the incidence of mucormycosis.

Hypothesis II

H0: There is no significant association between immunosuppression and the development of mucormycosis.

H2: There is a significant association between immunosuppression and the development of mucormycosis.

Hypothesis III

H0: There is no significant influence of specific treatment regimens on the risk of mucormycosis, particularly in COVID-19 patients.

H3: There is a significant influence of specific treatment regimens on the risk of mucormycosis, particularly in COVID-19 patients.

1.6 Significance of the Study

Understanding the epidemiology of mucormycosis is crucial for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and researchers to develop targeted preventive measures, improve patient outcomes, and mitigate the impact of this potentially life-threatening infection.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study will focus on analyzing existing literature, epidemiological data, and clinical records to investigate the factors contributing to the incidence of mucormycosis, with a particular emphasis on the recent surge of cases among COVID-19 patients.

1.8 Limitations of the Study

Limitations may include the availability and quality of data, potential biases in retrospective studies, and challenges in establishing causality due to the observational nature of the research.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Mucormycosis: A rare but serious fungal infection caused by molds belonging to the order Mucorales.

Immunosuppression: Weakening of the immune system's ability to fight infections, often due to medications or underlying health conditions.

Treatment Regimens: Specific protocols or combinations of therapies used to manage diseases or conditions, including antifungal medications and immunomodulatory drugs.