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FORMATION OF SCHIFF’S BASE (ACACEN) USING ETHYLENEDIAMINE AND EFFECT OF PH ON ZINC (II) ION ON COATED SILICA GEL BY COLUMN METHOD

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The formation of Schiff’s bases is a significant reaction in organic chemistry, where a primary amine reacts with a carbonyl compound to produce an imine or Schiff's base (Coccia et al., 2020). Schiff’s bases are valuable in various fields, including medicinal chemistry, catalysis, and materials science (Yadav et al., 2019). This study focuses on the synthesis of Schiff's base, specifically Acacen, using ethylenediamine and its interaction with zinc (II) ions on coated silica gel using the column method.

Acacen, formed by the reaction of ethylenediamine with an appropriate aldehyde or ketone, is known for its versatility and applications in catalysis and as a ligand in coordination chemistry (Zhang et al., 2021). The formation of Schiff’s bases involves the condensation reaction between a carbonyl group and an amine group, leading to the formation of an imine linkage (Arbuckle et al., 2022). The efficiency of this reaction can be influenced by various factors, including the pH of the reaction medium and the nature of the catalyst used.

Silica gel, a porous and high surface area material, is widely used as a stationary phase in chromatographic techniques due to its effectiveness in separating various compounds (López et al., 2022). The coating of silica gel with Schiff's base complexes can enhance its performance in selective adsorption and separation processes (Wang et al., 2021). The column chromatography method is a powerful technique used to separate and purify compounds based on their interaction with the stationary phase (Singh et al., 2023).

The effect of pH on zinc (II) ions in the context of Schiff’s base interactions is a crucial area of study. Zinc (II) ions are known to form coordination complexes with Schiff’s bases, and the pH of the medium can significantly impact the formation and stability of these complexes (Miller et al., 2021). Understanding the influence of pH on the interaction between zinc (II) ions and Schiff’s bases can provide insights into optimizing reaction conditions for various applications, including catalysis and material science.

Recent studies have highlighted the importance of optimizing pH conditions for the effective use of Schiff's bases in catalytic processes and material synthesis (Harris et al., 2022). The interaction of zinc (II) ions with Schiff’s bases on silica gel can lead to the formation of metal-ligand complexes, which may have implications for their applications in catalysis and separation techniques (Davis et al., 2023).

In this study, the focus is on synthesizing Acacen using ethylenediamine, analyzing its interaction with zinc (II) ions, and evaluating the effect of pH on this interaction. The use of coated silica gel in the column method provides a means to explore the separation and purification capabilities of these complexes, which can have practical applications in various chemical and industrial processes.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The study aims to address the challenges associated with the synthesis and application of Schiff’s bases, specifically Acacen, in conjunction with zinc (II) ions on silica gel. Schiff’s bases play a crucial role in various chemical applications, including catalysis and material science, but their effectiveness can be influenced by factors such as pH and the nature of the support material (Coccia et al., 2020; Harris et al., 2022). Understanding these interactions and optimizing conditions for their synthesis and application is essential for advancing their use in industrial processes and research.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to determine the effects of pH on the interaction between Schiff’s base (Acacen) and zinc (II) ions when coated on silica gel using the column method. Specific objectives include:

i. To evaluate the impact of pH on the formation and stability of Acacen-zinc (II) complexes on silica gel.

ii. To determine the efficiency of coated silica gel in separating and purifying Schiff’s base-metal ion complexes using the column chromatography method.

iii. To find out the practical implications of these interactions for applications in catalysis and material science.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the specific objectives, the research questions are:

i. What is the effect of pH on the formation and stability of Acacen-zinc (II) complexes on silica gel?

ii. What is the efficiency of coated silica gel in separating and purifying Schiff’s base-metal ion complexes using the column chromatography method?

iii. How does the interaction between Acacen and zinc (II) ions on silica gel impact their applications in catalysis and material science?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant as it provides insights into the synthesis and application of Schiff’s bases in combination with metal ions. By optimizing pH conditions and evaluating the performance of silica gel as a support material, this research can enhance the understanding and effectiveness of Schiff’s base-metal ion complexes in various applications. The findings could lead to improvements in catalytic processes, material synthesis, and separation techniques, thereby contributing to advancements in these fields.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study includes the synthesis of Schiff’s base (Acacen) using ethylenediamine, its interaction with zinc (II) ions, and the application of coated silica gel in column chromatography. The study focuses on evaluating the effects of pH on the stability and formation of Acacen-zinc (II) complexes and assessing the efficiency of silica gel in separating these complexes. The research will be limited to laboratory-scale experiments and will not cover industrial-scale applications or other types of Schiff’s bases.

1.7 Limitations of the Study

The limitations of this study include the potential variability in the synthesis of Schiff’s bases and the accuracy of pH control during experiments. The study is constrained by the availability of materials and equipment, which may affect the reproducibility of results. Additionally, the research focuses on specific conditions and may not fully account for all possible variables in industrial applications.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Schiff’s Base: An imine or azomethine compound formed by the reaction of a primary amine with a carbonyl compound (Coccia et al., 2020).

Acacen: A specific Schiff’s base formed from ethylenediamine and an aldehyde or ketone (Yadav et al., 2019).

Zinc (II) Ion: A metal ion with a +2 charge that can form coordination complexes with Schiff’s bases (Miller et al., 2021).

Silica Gel: A porous material used as a stationary phase in chromatography, known for its high surface area (López et al., 2022).

Column Chromatography: A technique used to separate and purify compounds based on their interaction with a stationary phase (Singh et al., 2023).