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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The sources of changes are diverse, well known and, most times, irreversible. They include technological innovation, deregulation, and inauguration of the computer information age, changed consumer demands, globalization, and the rush toward democratization, among others. These changes are impacting seriously on the environment of business. Yet it looks as if the coast is not clear, as these changes are most likely to stretch into the next millennium and beyond long as the indices keep swinging. In the economic sphere, Nigeria has been swimming in economic recession in the past two decades or more. It is not that economic recession is a recent phenomenon. In fact, Fajana and Osigweh (1993) did record that the world had passed through many phases of recession, beginning in the 1920s. But the economic recession in Nigeria is a reflection that the economy is fully plugged into the international economic system, which has also been characterized by deep economic changes.
Responses to the economic changes in Nigeria have been varied with various Nigerian governments applying different measures, many of which are short-term and clearly depicting the understanding and character of those administrations. However, the most long- term and comprehensive of this economic measure was the Structural Adjustment Programme, SAP, introduced in 1986 by the Babangida administration. SAP was designed to restructure Nigeria's economic and also promoting viability in fiscal and balance of payment policies. The success or otherwise of SAP is not the primary concern of this study. The responses of businesses to economic, political, technological and social changes have been as varied as those of government. They have regularly altered their management strategies to be able to adapt to realities in their task environment. Such strategies range between long-term contracts, joint ventures, mergers, downsizing acquisitions, etc. What the rapidity of change has done to business is that it has made business leader and managers to think of more effective methods of planning and implementing changes that are necessary for the growth and survival of their organizations. This is because, during the past couple of the years in which changes have occurred rapidly, many managers have found to their chagrin that the rules have changed; traditional methods of building businesses have failed to work as planned. Also, many well-designed career path has turned into a dead end. The unavoidable consequence of this is the need to restructure corporately so that their companies can regain competitiveness. Corporate restructuring obviously demands skills, creativity, decisiveness and .pourage. In adopting and applying any of the doses of restructuring, alternatives re-capitalization, divestitures, and acquisitions each of which they're own primary assumption. Core area of any businesses usually consider restructuring or responding to changes in the task environment its human resources utilization and management is borne out of the fact that the human factor plays a critical role in the success or otherwise of any organization. Peter Drucker (1974) recognized this when he said that building a new structure or organization requires three-difference kind of work:
1. The operating task, which is responsible for producing the results of today's business.
2. The innovative tasks, which creates the company's tomorrow; an
3. The top management task, which gives vision, directs and sets the course for the business of both today and tomorrow. According to Gail Pollano et al, (2000), since obtaining competitive advantage through corporate restructuring represents a major concern of business managers, human resources rules cannot be underscored. Besides, competitive advantage distinguishes one firm from another, provides positive economic benefits and, according to Pfeiffer (1994) cannot be readily duplicated. Thus, business have discovered that although at a huge cost, traditional sources of success, product and process technology, protected or regulated markets. Access to financial resources and economies of scale, no longer provide much competitive leverage as in the past. Instead, organizations culture and capabilities, which are derived from how people are managed, is proving to be a more vital factor in corporate survival.
Thus, recruiting, utilizing human resources, as a success factors in corporate restructuring is now a major challenge in today's competitive market place. This is simple because today's employees are "new breeds" with different values, inspirational needs and motivation from his predecessor. Also, he is better educated being the produced being the product of the knowledge expansion, more aware politically, socially and economically and therefore, more demanding and less easily managed by traditional controls of all these, utilizing an organizations skilled human resources as a driving force in business strategy is also a major challenge.
For instance, many organizations that have gone through restructuring or turn around, aimed at increasing their competitiveness and ensuring adaptability in order to avoid the fate of the legendary dinosaur, in the past few years have done so with their people (human resources)
This fact is clearly buttressed by the existence of a body of research, which stress that human resources management policies are not only action producing but also affect the implementation of business- strategies. John Butler (1988) studies various human resources management options and pointed out how a successful combination of human resources options facilities the exploitation of market opportunities.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
While strategic management is being applied in liberal doses in business organizations in such areas as productivity improvement and balancing of business portfolios, the strategic possibilities in human resources management are frequently ignored. Apparently, they should not be. The result of ignoring the potentials of human resources are employee turnover, sudden hostility, strikes, decreased output, low morale, etc, and the business is worse for it.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The approaches emerging today is to use growing ideas of management techniques to solve problems facing organizations and which also arises as a result of the dynamics and competitiveness to today's turbulent business climate. The purpose of the study is focused on today's business environment, the change forces and restructuring alternatives, hi view of this, the purpose of this study is in analytical approach to the strategic employed by organization to ensure their continuing survival in the emerging world market that promises survival only to the fittest.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The main aim of this research is to explore, assess and evaluate the effective or impart of corporate restructuring on employees in organizations. To achieve the above aims, the following objectives are evolved.
a. To identify the methods and processes involved in the corporate restructuring,
b. To examine of the attitude and perception of employees toward the restructuring process,
c. To assess of how the employees view the methods and procedure of the corporate restructuring in organization.
1.5 Justification of the Study
The business world today is turning up many challenges and opportunities, these could either be internal or external to a business, redefining business practices and the way people view businesses. As a result of the pervasive forces of change, drive toward quality, increasing government regulations, environmentalism, democratization, etc, businesses are today more volatile than ever before. And yet, the lucrativeness and attractiveness, which businesses hold for individual and corporate investors, have not made them totally unable to adjust to change forces in their environment (Gail Pollano et al, 2000).. While business firms continue to seek a maximization of their profit in a changing and dynamic task environment, they have also not underscored the relevance of human resources as a critical success factor for survival in a turbulent business climate. Consequently, the prudent management of both their human and material resources, also requires an equally corresponding efforts to manage the human resources that is a critical factor if the company goals of a business are to be realized in consonance with the foregoing, it becomes extremely imperative for business managers to appreciate the congruency that is involved in the management of funds. Provision of goods and services and the maintenance of human resources, so that none of the necessary resources serves as a hindrance to the other in the course of business operation. Furthermore, today there is a growing realization that the human factor is a very critical factor in the success of a business organization, particularly competitiveness in a competitive market. To this end, business are not only spending an ever-increasing amount of money to select, train, retrain and retain their skilled personnel, they now regard personnel as business assets and, therefore, put them on their balance sheet.
1.6 Relevance of Study
The study is considered significant because its findings will provide useful ideas on the effect of corporate restructuring on employees in organizations. The findings will also reveal the extents and constraints in successful corporate restructuring in organizations, with a view to making adjustments where necessary to achieve a more effective of corporate restructuring on employees in organizations. The findings may also; serve as useful source of data for future researchers in this field of study. 1.7 Research Questions
The following research questions are raised in the study.
1. Is there any factor which determines if restructuring is necessary for employees' productivity?
2. How can restructuring be used positively to influence employees' productivity in an organization?
3. Is there is a correlation between the survival of a company and the restructuring pattern?
4. Is there a correlation between employees' productivity and the organization survival?
1.8 Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis one
H1 : Restructuring is a means of improving employees' productivity and organization's survival. Ho: Restructuring is not a means of improving employee's productivity and Organization's survival.
Hypothesis two
H1 : The survival of a company in the new millennium depends on its responsiveness to the challenges of the time.
Ho: The survival of-a company in the new millennium does not depend on its responsiveness to the challenges of the time.
1.9 Scope and Limitation of The study
This study shall concentrate on the corporate activities focusing on human resources as a critical factor in terms of strategy put in place to maintain their organization position by ensuring their survival in the emerging
economic integration. However, the study may be limited by possible low response rate.
1. Limited literature, since much has not been written on the challenges of new millennium in terms of restructuring.
2. Financial resources and time.
3. The employment of questionnaires as a method of gathering information from the respondents is somewhat tasking as they are prone to treating such enquiries unserious, thus resulting in the delay in filling them on time for processing of the information got.
4. Secondly, the discouraging attitude of the average manager or director of an organization who treat such research casually and see it as a waste of company time and the researcher as one who should not be allowed to meddle in company affairs proved a major impediment. The scope of this study is limited to examining selected organizations in the Lagos metropolis that have restructured in recent times and the role human resources played.

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