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THE EFFECTS OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND TAX PRINCIPLES ON SPECIAL COMPANIES OPERATING IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Special companies in Nigeria, including government-owned enterprises, non-profit organizations, and financial institutions, play a vital role in the country's economic landscape. These entities possess unique characteristics that distinguish them from traditional for-profit businesses and require specific accounting and tax treatments. The effects of accounting standards and tax principles on these special companies have become a subject of increasing importance for regulators, policymakers, and practitioners.

Accounting standards serve as a framework for preparing and presenting financial statements, ensuring consistency, comparability, and transparency of financial information. However, the applicability of general accounting standards to special companies may be challenging due to their distinct operating models and objectives. For example, government-owned enterprises often encounter complexities related to budgetary control, political interference, and social objectives. Non-profit organizations have different revenue recognition patterns and reporting requirements, focusing on program outcomes rather than profit generation. Financial institutions deal with complex financial instruments, risk management practices, and regulatory compliance.

In Nigeria, the adoption and application of accounting standards have undergone significant changes over the years. The Financial Reporting Council of Nigeria (FRCN) is the regulatory body responsible for setting and enforcing accounting standards in the country. The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in 2012 marked a significant shift towards global accounting harmonization. However, the extent to which special companies comply with these standards and the impact on their financial reporting practices remain underexplored.

Tax principles, on the other hand, determine the tax liabilities and obligations of companies. The Nigerian tax system encompasses various tax laws, regulations, and incentives that aim to promote economic growth, fairness, and compliance. Special companies often benefit from specific tax treatments, such as tax exemptions, allowances, and reduced tax rates. Non-profit organizations, for instance, enjoy tax incentives as a means of supporting their philanthropic activities. Financial institutions are subject to specific tax regulations and levies designed to maintain stability and accountability in the financial sector.

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