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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Working capital management of a firm has been recognized as an important area in financial management. The main goal of working capital management is to teach and keep an optimized balance between each component of working capital (Gitmen, 2009). Traditional concept of working capital is the difference between current assets and current liabilities, which does not provide an accurate concept of corporate liquidity. Every organization whether profit oriented or not and irrespective of size and nature of the business requires necessary amount of working capital. Working capital is the most crucial factor for maintaining liquidity, survival, solvency and profitability of business (Mukhopadhyay, 2004). All individual components of working capital include cash, marketable securities, account receivables and inventory management play a vital role in the performance of any firm. In the management of working capital, the firm is faced with two key questions.
First, given the level of sales and the relevant cost considerations, what are the optimal amounts of cash assets, account receivable, and inventories that a firm should choose to maintain? Second, given these optimal amounts, what is the most economical way to finance these working capital investments? To produce the best possible returns, firms should keep no unproductive assets and should finance with the cheapest available sources of funds. Corporate performance is a composite assessment of how well an organization executes on its most important parameters, typically financial, market and shareholder performance. It is a subset of business analytics /business intelligence that is concerned with the health of the organization, which is traditionally measured in terms of financial performance.
However, in recent years, the concept of corporate health has become broader. Liquidity and profitability are two important and major aspects of corporate business life (Dr K.S.Vataliya, 2009). The problem is that increasing profits at the cost of liquidity can bring serious problems to the firm. Therefore, there must be a trade-off between the liquidity and profitability of firms. One of these should not be at the cost of the other because both have their own importance. If firms do not care about profit, they cannot survive for a longer period. Also, if firms do not care about liquidity, they may face the problem of insolvency or bankruptcy. For these reasons, managers of firms should give utmost consideration for working capital management as it does ultimately affect the profitability of firms. As a result, companies can achieve maximum profitability and can maintain adequate liquidity with the help of efficient and effective management of working capital. In addition, the effective working capital management is very important because it affects the performance and liquidity of the firms (Taleb et al., 2010). The main objective of working capital management is to reach optimal balance between working capital management components (Gill, 2011). 
1.2 Statement of The Problem
An ideal business requires sufficient resources to keep it going and ensures that such resources are maximally utilized to enhance its profitability and overall performance. Working capital and its effect on firms’Performance has been studied by different researchers (Padachi, K. (2006); F.Finau, (2011); Fathi and Tavakkoli (2009). Existing researchers among whom are; Filbeck and Kruger(2005), Nyabwanga, Ojera, Lumumba,Odondo, Otieno (2012) to mention a few, have stated that most successful organisation do not have problem with management of working capital components, but this is actually misleading, because this research work has identified a gap in this findings, by establishing that successful organisation still have problems with management of working capital components which is in agreement with the study of mathuva,(2010), Rahman et al.,(2010). Most of these and other researchers identify significant association between working capital and corporate performance. It has however been discovered that some methods that managers use in practice to make working capital decisions do not rely on the principles of finance, rather vague rules of thumb or poorly constructed models are used (Emery, Finnerty and Stowe, 2004). 
This, however, makes the managers not to effectively manage the various mix of working capital component which is available to them, and as such, the organization may either be overcapitalized or under-capitalized or worst still, liquidate. Egbide (2009) finds out that a large number of business failures in the past have been blamed on the inability of the financial manager to plan and control the working capital of their respective firms. These reported inadequacies among financial managers is still practiced today in many organizations in the form of high bad debts, high inventory cost etc, which in turn adversely affect their operating performance. Hence, lack of proper research study and utilization of the working capital for the improvement of corporation in terms of performance in Nigeria has constituted the problem of limited awareness in relation to working capital to increase firms’ performances. Hence, there is the need to study the effect of working capital to enhance the performance of corporations in Nigeria. 
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective is to examine the impact of working capital management on the corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria using case studies of Guinness, Dangote, Nestle, Cadbury, and Unilever. The specific objectives include:
1. To examine the impact of average collection period on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
2. To examine the impact of inventory conversion period of corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
3. To examine the impact of average payment period on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
4. To examine the impact of cash conversion cycle on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. 
1.4 Research Questions 
In order to address the major issues underlining the research, an attempt has been made to provide answers to the following questions:
1. What is the impact of average collection period on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
2. What is the inventory conversion period on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
3. What is the impact of average payment period on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
4. What is the impact of cash conversion cycle on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypothesis 
The following research propositions will be formulated for the study:
H01 : Average collection period has no significant impact on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria H02 : Inventory conversion period has no significant impact on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria
H03 : Average payment period has no significant impact on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria H04 : cash conversion cycle has no significant impact on corporate performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The need to have a sound economy and most especially enhancing the development and sustainability of the Manufacturing industry in Nigeria informed the researcher’s choice of the topic. It is hoped that this work will proffer solutions to the problems associated with Working Capital Management in the Manufacturing industry of Nigeria as a policy tool for sustainability. It will equally be of great significance to those outside the Manufacturing industry, who are ignorant on the factors that lead to the smooth running of any business. The study will also be applicable in the following ways:
1. To provide reliable information on the importance of applying Working Capital Management techniques in the running of an organization.
2. To enlighten people occupying management positions in an enterprise in the Manufacturing industry on the variety of appraisal techniques of corporate performance. Finally, the study will add to the existing literature on Working Capital Management.
1.7 Scope of the Study 
The research work will cover working capital management and how it affects the corporate performance of theses selected quoted companies, which are Guinness Plc, Dangote Plc, Nestle Plc, Cadbury Plc and Unilever Plc. These five (5) companies were selected based on the availability of data, their performance in the Nigerian Manufacturing sector, and the popularity of these companies in the Nigerian Stock Exchange The data obtained from the five (5) selected quoted companies covers a period of seven (7) years from 2008 to 2015. The study used Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Asset (ROA) and Net Profit Margin (NPM).
1.8  Definitions of terms
1 Working capital: This is measure of both a company’s efficiency and its short term financial health. If a company’s current assets do not exceed its current liabilities, then it may run into trouble paying back creditors in the short term. The worst case scenario is bankruptcy. Working capital is calculated as: Working Capital= Current Assets- Current Liabilities
2 Current asset: these are balance sheet accounts that represent the value of all assets that can reasonably expect to be converted into cash within one year. Current assets include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, prepaid expenses and other liquid assets that can be readily converted to cash.
3 Current liabilities: These are a company’s debts or obligations that are due within one year, appearing on the company’s balance sheet and include short term debt, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other debts. Essentially, these are bills that are due to creditors and suppliers within a short period of time.
4 Short term: this is concept that refers to holding an asset for a year or less, and accountants use the term “current” to refer to an asset expected to be converted into cash in the next year or a liability coming due in the next year
1.8  Definitions of terms
1 Working capital: This is measure of both a company’s efficiency and its short term financial health. If a company’s current assets do not exceed its current liabilities, then it may run into trouble paying back creditors in the short term. The worst case scenario is bankruptcy. Working capital is calculated as:
Working Capital= Current Assets- Current Liabilities
2 Current asset: these are balance sheet accounts that represent the value of all assets that can reasonably expect to be converted into cash within one year. Current assets include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, marketable securities, prepaid expenses and other liquid assets that can be readily converted to cash.
3 Current liabilities: These are a company’s debts or obligations that are due within one year, appearing on the company’s balance sheet and include short term debt, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other debts. Essentially, these are bills that are due to creditors and suppliers within a short period of time.
4 Short term: this is concept that refers to holding an asset for a year or less, and accountants use the term “current” to refer to an asset expected to be converted into cash in the next year or a liability coming due in the next year.
5 Creditors: This is an entity (person or institution) that extends credit by giving another entity permission to borrow money intended to be repaid in the future. A business that provides supplies or services to a company or an individual and does not demand payment immediately is also considered a creditor, based on the fact that the client owes the business money for services already rendered.
6 Bankruptcy: This is a legal proceeding involving a person or business that is unable to repay outstanding debts
7. Financial health: this is a term used to describe the state of one’s personal financial situation
8. RETURN ON ASSET (ROA): It is an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets. ROA gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings. Calculated by dividing a company's annual earnings by its total assets, ROA is displayed as a percentage.
9. RETURN ON EQUITY (ROE): It is a measure of profitability that calculates how many dollars of profit a company generates with each dollar of shareholders' equity. The formula for ROE is: ROE = Net Income/Shareholders' Equity. ROE is sometimes called "return on net worth." 

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