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MULTI DRUG RESISTANCE PATTERNS OF LISTERIA SPECIES IN FROZEN AND LIVE CHICKEN SOLD

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Listeria species, particularly Listeria monocytogenes, are important foodborne pathogens responsible for causing listeriosis, a severe illness with high morbidity and mortality rates. Listeriosis is primarily associated with the consumption of contaminated foods, including poultry products. The ability of Listeria species to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics poses a significant challenge in the treatment of listeriosis and raises concerns about public health. This background section provides an overview of Listeria species, the emergence of multi-drug resistance, and the potential risks associated with the consumption of chicken products contaminated with antibiotic-resistant strains.

Listeria Species: Listeria species are gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria widely distributed in the environment, including soil, water, and various food sources. Among the different species within the Listeria genus, Listeria monocytogenes is the most pathogenic and frequently associated with human infections. Listeria infections primarily affect individuals with weakened immune systems, pregnant women, newborns, and the elderly. The ingestion of contaminated foods is the main route of transmission for Listeria species, making food safety crucial in preventing listeriosis outbreaks.

Emergence of Multi-Drug Resistance: The emergence and spread of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Listeria species is a growing concern worldwide. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria undergo genetic mutations or acquire resistance genes from other bacteria, enabling them to withstand the effects of antibiotics. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics in human medicine, veterinary practices, and agriculture contribute to the selection and proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including Listeria strains. The ability of Listeria species to form biofilms and survive in various environmental niches further enhances their resistance potential.

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria Species: Listeria species employ various mechanisms to develop resistance to antibiotics. These mechanisms include target site modification, efflux pump systems, enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, and alteration of cell wall permeability. For example, Listeria strains may acquire mutations in genes encoding antibiotic

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