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Impact of Workplace Health Promotion Programmes on Health Screening Uptake among Formal-Sector Workers in Nigeria

Abstract

Workplace health remains an important public health concern in Nigeria because formal-sector workers spend a substantial proportion of their time within organized work environments where occupational and lifestyle-related health risks may occur. Conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, mental health problems, and other chronic health conditions may remain undetected when workers have limited access to routine health screening. Workplace health promotion programmes provide an important avenue for promoting preventive health behaviours and improving access to health services through health education, periodic medical examinations, wellness activities, health risk assessments, counselling, and organized screening programmes. Regular workplace health screening can facilitate early identification of health conditions and encourage workers to seek appropriate treatment and follow-up care. However, limited employer participation, inadequate funding, poor worker awareness, concerns about confidentiality, inconvenient screening schedules, and inconsistent implementation of workplace health programmes may reduce screening uptake among formal-sector workers in Nigeria. Against this background, this study investigates the impact of workplace health promotion programmes on health screening uptake among formal-sector workers in Nigeria. The study will be anchored on the Health Belief Model, Social Ecological Model, and Occupational Health Theory. The Health Belief Model explains how workers' perceptions of susceptibility to illness, perceived severity, perceived benefits of screening, perceived barriers, and cues to action may influence their participation in health screening activities. The Social Ecological Model emphasizes the interaction between individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy-level factors in shaping health behaviours and healthcare utilization. Occupational Health Theory focuses on the promotion and protection of workers' physical, mental, and social well-being through preventive measures and healthy workplace practices. Collectively, these theoretical perspectives provide a suitable framework for explaining how workplace health promotion programmes may influence health screening uptake among formal-sector workers in Nigeria. The study will adopt a quantitative cross-sectional analytical or quasi-experimental research design. The study population will comprise formal-sector workers employed in selected public and private organizations in Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique will be used to select states, organizations, institutions, departments, and eligible workers. Workplace health promotion programmes will be measured using indicators such as availability of workplace wellness programmes, health education activities, periodic medical examinations, health risk assessments, organized screening campaigns, health counselling, workplace fitness activities, screening referrals, frequency of programme implementation, and availability of occupational health services. Health screening uptake will be assessed using indicators such as participation in blood pressure screening, blood glucose screening, body mass index assessment, cholesterol screening, cancer screening where appropriate, mental health assessment, HIV and other relevant health screening services, frequency of screening, completion of recommended screening tests, and follow-up after abnormal screening results. Data will be collected using structured questionnaires, workplace health programme records, screening registers, occupational health records, and relevant organizational documents. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize workers' characteristics, workplace health promotion activities, and screening uptake patterns. Inferential statistical techniques, including chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and logistic or multiple regression analysis, will be used to determine the impact of workplace health promotion programmes on health screening uptake. Where appropriate, screening uptake before and after implementation of workplace health promotion programmes may be compared to determine changes associated with the programmes. Diagnostic tests will also be conducted to assess the reliability, validity, and robustness of the findings. The study is expected to find that workplace health promotion programmes have a significant positive impact on health screening uptake among formal-sector workers in Nigeria. Workers employed in organizations with comprehensive workplace health promotion programmes are expected to demonstrate higher participation in routine health screening than workers in organizations with limited or no structured health promotion activities. Regular health education and workplace screening campaigns may improve workers' knowledge of preventable health conditions and encourage early detection of diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular conditions, and other chronic health problems. Convenient access to screening services within the workplace may also reduce time, financial, and geographical barriers associated with seeking preventive healthcare outside the workplace. Conversely, inadequate programme coverage, limited employer support, concerns about confidentiality, inconvenient screening schedules, poor communication, and insufficient follow-up services may reduce workers' willingness to participate in health screening. The study therefore expects well-designed and consistently implemented workplace health promotion programmes to contribute significantly to improved health screening uptake among formal-sector workers in Nigeria. The study is expected to contribute to the literature on workplace health promotion, health screening uptake, occupational health, preventive healthcare, employee wellness, workplace disease prevention, health promotion, and public health in Nigeria. The findings will provide useful information to the Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Federal Ministry of Labour and Employment, employers, human resource managers, occupational health practitioners, workplace health and safety officers, trade unions, healthcare providers, development partners, and policymakers regarding strategies for improving preventive healthcare among formal-sector workers. The study will also provide evidence-based recommendations for strengthening workplace health promotion programmes, expanding periodic employee health screening, improving health education, ensuring confidentiality of screening results, increasing employer investment in preventive health services, integrating occupational health services into workplace wellness programmes, strengthening referral and follow-up systems, and promoting regular health screening as part of comprehensive workplace health policies across Nigeria.

Keywords: Workplace health promotion programmes, health screening uptake, formal-sector workers, occupational health, preventive healthcare, employee wellness, workplace screening, health promotion, disease prevention, Nigeria, workplace health, public health.