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ABSTRACT

This study investigates the grain yield and yield components of early maize varieties under different plant populations in Benin City, Nigerian rainforest. Using a randomized complete block design, field trials were conducted to assess the impact of varying plant densities on grain yield, ear size, and kernel weight. The findings suggest that lower plant population densities, around 50,000 plants per hectare, are optimal for maximizing grain yield in early maize varieties. Higher plant populations were associated with reduced ear size and kernel weight, highlighting the importance of resource competition in determining yield components. Additionally, the study revealed significant interactions between plant population density and environmental conditions, emphasizing the need for context-specific agronomic recommendations. The conclusions drawn from this research underscore the importance of tailored planting strategies and sustainable agricultural practices for enhancing maize productivity in the Nigerian rainforest. Recommendations include strengthening extension services, investing in research and infrastructure, and implementing supportive policies to support smallholder farmers. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights to maize production in the region and provides a basis for future research and policy interventions.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal crops globally and a staple food for millions of people, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (Iken & Amusa, 2004). It is a versatile crop that provides essential nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and various vitamins and minerals (Nuss & Tanumihardjo, 2010). The crop's adaptability to different climatic conditions and soil types makes it crucial for food security and economic stability in many developing countries (Shiferaw et al., 2011). In Nigeria, maize is not only a staple food but also a significant component of livestock feed and raw material for various industrial products, including biofuels and starch (Ado et al., 2018).

The cultivation of maize in the Nigerian rainforest, particularly in areas like Benin City, presents unique opportunities and challenges. The Nigerian rainforest is characterized by high annual rainfall, typically exceeding 2000 mm, and temperatures ranging between 25°C and 30°C, which are conducive to maize growth (Oyekale & Oladele, 2012). However, the high humidity and frequent rainfall also create a conducive environment for pests and diseases, which can significantly impact maize yield (Ayeni et al., 2010). Despite these challenges, the region's fertile soils and favorable climatic conditions provide a potential for high maize productivity if appropriate agricultural practices are employed (Ezemonye & Emeribe, 2013).

Early maize varieties, which mature within 70 to 90 days, are particularly valuable in regions with short growing seasons or where early harvesting can help avoid peak periods of pest infestation and adverse weather conditions (Menkir et al., 2006). These varieties enable farmers to achieve multiple cropping cycles within a year, thereby increasing overall productivity and income (Olaniyan, 2015). In the context of the Nigerian rainforest, early maize varieties offer a strategic advantage for improving food security and farmers' livelihoods by providing a quick turnaround on investment and reducing the risks associated with prolonged exposure to biotic and abiotic stresses (Iken & Amusa, 2004).

Despite the potential benefits of early maize varieties, there is limited research on the optimal plant population densities for maximizing their yield in the Nigerian rainforest. Plant population density is a critical agronomic factor that influences maize yield and its components, such as kernel weight, ear size, and plant height (Sangoi, 2001). High plant populations can lead to