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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

The provision of banking services to the economy of a country such as Nigeria has remained a life wire through which the economy grows. The provision of these services requires every attention because of its importance growth, the bank provides loans and advances which could either be long-term or short-time. The inevitability of these services rendered by the banks in economic growth explains why the government has been so keen in stipulating aggregate ceiling on credit creation as well as sectorial allocations in the government credit guidelines contained in the monetary circulars. The banks and other financial institutions are therefore, required to comply with these specifications during any fiscal year.

The type of bank and its deposit base in line with the credit guideline determine the credit creation ability of that bank. While answering to this clarion call of financing economic growth of the nations, banks also have to guide against incidence of loan defaults as this risks their own business position as they read mainly with depositors funds, which could be demanded any time by these depositors. Therefore, banks are required to be prudent in credit extension to avoid or at least minimize the incidence of loan default, which has caused eventual collapse of many banks in recent time.
In view of the obvious consequences a bank could face if so engulfed in loan losses and band debts, this work poised to research on the management of bank loans to minimize the incident of substandard, doubtful and lost loans in Nigerian banks.

Meanwhile, classification is made if bank loans according to performance. These classifications include: the active, substandard, doubtful and lost loans. The active loans are those ones which were purely made with full consideration of the cannons of good lending and have no shown and sign of good default in terms of repayment. The substandard loans are those made with some irregularities or duly expired but not yet renewed and indicates signs of default. The doubtful loans are those loan whose accounts are kept dormant for a long period of time. The lost loans are those that have defiled all attempts of recovery and thus, written off the banks assets.

Loan and advance constitute the major sources of operating income of banks as they act the most profitable assets for employment of bank funds. In as much as banks desire income from loans and advances through interests accruable to these facilities, they also run the risk of losing both the principal and interest if the credit administration procedure is weak. Banks being well aware that some of their loans and advances must always appears bad in spite of qualitative and quantitative techniques applied, set aside huge amount of money as provisions for lost and doubtful loans. The existence of substandard loans despite all these measures has found its roots in the character of the borrowers and the experience of credit officers. Having gone this far, it is discernible that the issue is not fashioning a system whereby incidence of loan default can entirely be stopped. The crux of the matter is to fashion a system from the onset whereby the incidence of substandard, doubtful and loans losses can be cushioned to a bare minimum.

1.2  STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The peculiar nature of services rendered to the economy by the banking industry is the basis of its problems. It mobilizes funds from surplus units and makes them available to the deficit units for productive ventures. Thus, management of credit is the most sensitive and delicate aspect of the banking industry and are faced with problems such as:

- Bad and doubtful debt, which are caused by poor credit management and other exogenous factors

- Poor credit and loan supervision by credit officials.

- Unqualified credit officers who would not abreast the tenets of good lending

- The sharp practices of some unscrupulous business men who are seeking the credits also constitute a major problem for banks

- Another problems facing banks is the acceptance of irregular worthless and unperfected securities as a cushion for bank lending.

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The general purpose of this study is to make an evaluation of banks credit management techniques and loan administration these include loan repayment and interest charge

- Drawdown: Withdrawal of money from an account.

- Dud cheques; Non performance cheques

- Doubtful debts: loan with all the weaknesses identified, it is characterized with problems in collections

- Letter of offer: Letter of notification of approval of loan request sent to a customer by a bank specifying the condition of offer.

- Lost Loans: Loan declare un-collectible and as such classified as lost loans.

- Memorandum of association: Brief outline of terms of a transaction or operation of a company.

- Perfection: this is putting credentials of collaterals

- Portfolios; list of investment

- Six-cees of credit: Capital, character, capacity, collateral, confidence and consideration

- Substandard loans: Loans with well defined problems ad weaknesses which could affect the ability of a borrower to repay. 

With respect to the incidence of substandard and lost loans in Nigerian banks. We shall be looking at how banks carry out credit administration and management so as to:

- Determine to actual credit administration

- Determine whether banks actually sustain losses on loans and advances

- Established debt (lost loans) recovery of banks

- Identify whether poor credit analysis result to bad and doubtful debts 

- Examine whether the use of credit analysis is significant for making good loans

1.4  SIGNFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work would make useful contributions on the efficient credit management in Nigerian Banks. This study would recommend possible solutions on how banks high incidence of bank debts, which had led to the failure, and distress of many banks may be solved. The study would also identify problems credit management and show ways of lubricating the operative machinery of credit control and make it more efficient

1.5  STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

1. HA1: Poor credit analysis result in bad and doubtful debts. 

2. HA2: The use of credit analysis is significant for making good loan.

1.6  SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research study is limited to three selected banks in Owerri; it tends to find out the effectiveness of credit 

- Management techniques in Nigerian banks in line with active loans, sub-standard loans and lost loan

This study tends to cover five years time frame of the banks, elected (2001-2006). These banks are:

- First banks Plc

- Oceanic bank plc and Diamond bank plc

1.7  LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher worked with some constraints worthy to be mentioned. This research work tends to have taken the researcher to various parts of the country but was limited to Owerri area due to shortage of finance. Time constraints was another big problems encountered by the researcher; there was limited time, which did not give much room for the researcher to carryout the research as it ought to be. Dearth f standard information from the banks used as a case study and lack of research facilities was another challenge encountered by the researcher.

1.8  DEFINITION OF TERMS

- Active loans: Loans performing according to the terms of credit extension

- Cannons of good lending: Conditions which are strictly ensured before loans are granted.

- Bad debts: Also doubtful or lost loans 

- Conditions: These are conditions to be met by a borrower as he enjoys withdrawals from his loan account.

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