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ANTIBACTERIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI ON SELECTED BACTERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Phyllanthus niruri, commonly known as stonebreaker or chanca piedra, is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential antibacterial and phytochemical properties, which could serve as an alternative to conventional antibiotics in treating bacterial infections (Mishra et al., 2021). The plant has been traditionally utilized in various cultures for treating ailments such as kidney stones, liver disorders, and infections, owing to its rich phytochemical composition, including flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids (Owolabi et al., 2019). The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has necessitated a renewed interest in natural antimicrobial agents, prompting investigations into plants like P. niruri for their therapeutic potential (Prasad et al., 2020).

Several studies have documented the phytochemical constituents of P. niruri, identifying compounds such as lignans, polyphenols, and essential oils, which exhibit various biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties (Loh et al., 2020). These bioactive compounds have been linked to the plant’s efficacy in combating a range of pathogens, particularly those responsible for human infections. For instance, research has shown that extracts from P. niruri exhibit significant inhibitory effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which are common culprits in many infections (Bada et al., 2020). The mechanisms of action of these phytochemicals often involve disrupting bacterial cell walls, inhibiting metabolic processes, and interfering with bacterial protein synthesis (Joudeh et al., 2021).

The antimicrobial properties of P. niruri have not only been attributed to its chemical composition but also to its synergistic effects when combined with other medicinal plants. This synergism can enhance the overall antimicrobial efficacy of the extracts, suggesting a potential for developing more effective therapeutic agents against resistant strains (Ali et al., 2022). Furthermore, the versatility of P. niruri in treating various ailments emphasizes its potential as a multifunctional plant in traditional medicine (Das et al., 2023).

However, despite the growing body of literature supporting the antibacterial properties of P. niruri, there remain significant gaps in understanding the specific mechanisms by which its phytochemicals exert their effects against selected bacteria. Most studies have primarily focused on the qualitative aspects of these properties, with fewer investigations delving into the quantitative assessments necessary for validating the therapeutic potential of the plant (Ezekiel et al., 2019). As antibiotic resistance becomes an increasingly critical global health issue, the exploration of natural compounds from plants like P. niruri could lead to the development of new antibacterial agents that could supplement existing treatment regimens and combat resistant strains effectively (Rao et al., 2020).

In addition to its antibacterial properties, P. niruri has been recognized for its rich nutritional value and its role in promoting overall health. The plant is a source of essential nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, which contribute to its medicinal benefits (Boni et al., 2022). Furthermore, the consumption of P. niruri in various forms—such as teas, tinctures, and capsules—highlights its potential for widespread use in complementary and alternative medicine (Akinsola et al., 2021). Understanding the pharmacological properties and health benefits of this plant can pave the way for further research and practical applications in clinical settings.

Given the historical use of P. niruri in traditional medicine and its emerging significance in modern phytotherapy, this study aims to investigate the antibacterial and phytochemical properties of P. niruri on selected bacteria. The outcomes of this research may provide valuable insights into the therapeutic applications of P. niruri, offering a scientific basis for its traditional uses and potentially contributing to the fight against antibiotic-resistant infections.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a significant challenge to global health, necessitating the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents. Many conventional antibiotics are becoming less effective due to the rapid evolution of resistance among pathogenic bacteria, resulting in prolonged illnesses, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates (Bada et al., 2020). Given the historical use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine, there is a pressing need to investigate their potential as effective antibacterial agents. While several studies have highlighted the antibacterial properties of Phyllanthus niruri, there remains a lack of comprehensive research focusing on its specific effects against common pathogenic bacteria, as well as its phytochemical composition and mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the variations in antibacterial activity reported in different studies necessitate a systematic evaluation of