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CAUSES SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF PSYCHOSIS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Psychosis is a significant mental health condition characterized by an impaired relationship with reality, manifesting in various forms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment of psychosis is crucial for effective intervention and support. The etiology of psychosis is complex and multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Research indicates that individuals with a family history of psychotic disorders are at a heightened risk, suggesting a strong genetic component (Bora et al., 2020). Additionally, neurobiological studies have identified abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, particularly dopamine, as significant contributors to the development of psychosis (Howes & Kapur, 2009).

Environmental stressors, such as trauma, substance abuse, and chronic stress, can also trigger or exacerbate psychotic symptoms. For instance, substance-induced psychosis has been well documented in cases involving drugs like cannabis, amphetamines, and hallucinogens (Khan et al., 2022). Moreover, psychosocial factors, including adverse childhood experiences and social isolation, can increase vulnerability to psychosis (Morgan & Fisher, 2007). The interplay between these factors highlights the need for a comprehensive understanding of the disorder's causative agents.

The symptoms of psychosis are diverse and can vary significantly among individuals. Hallucinations, which are perceptions in the absence of external stimuli, can affect any of the senses but are most commonly auditory (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Delusions, defined as strongly held false beliefs, can lead individuals to interpret reality in ways that are disconnected from objective truth. For example, a person might believe they are under constant surveillance or possess extraordinary abilities (Freeman, 2016). Disorganized thinking may result in incoherent speech and difficulty organizing thoughts, severely impairing daily functioning.

Treatment for psychosis typically involves a combination of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. Antipsychotic medications, such as risperidone and aripiprazole, are commonly prescribed to help manage symptoms (Leucht et al., 2017). These medications primarily target dopamine receptors and have been shown to reduce the severity of hallucinations and delusions. However, medication adherence can be challenging due to side effects, stigma, and the nature of the illness itself (Morrison et al., 2014).

Psychosocial therapies, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), are also critical components of treatment. CBT helps patients develop coping strategies, challenge distorted thinking, and reduce the impact of symptoms on their daily lives (Peters et al., 2016). Family therapy and community support programs can further enhance recovery by providing a network of support and understanding. Additionally, early intervention is essential in psychosis management, as timely treatment can improve long-term outcomes and reduce the risk of relapse (McGorry et al., 2018).

Despite advancements in understanding and treating psychosis, significant gaps in knowledge and access to care remain. Many individuals with psychosis experience delays in

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