Select Currency
Translate this page

EFFECT OF AGE OF GUINEA GRASS (PANICUM MAXIMUM) ON SILAGE QUALITY AND ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT (WAD)

Format: MS WORD  |  Chapter: 1-5  |  Pages: 57  |  3718 Users found this project useful  |  Price NGN5,000

  DOWNLOAD THE FULL PROJECT

EFFECT OF AGE OF GUINEA GRASS (Panicum maximum) ON SILAGE QUALITY AND ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT (WAD)

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the major physiological disorders of grazing goat in the early wet season is bloat. In the early wet season, grasses are just coming up, being tender and with a lot of water in it could results to distention of the stomach orchestrated by gas accumulation. Also, ruminants benefit a little from fermentation of over matured grass due to lignifications. In the light of this, there is need to adequately cater for all stages of pasture growth in order to meet the normal feed requirements of ruminants (Babayemi, 2015). Young pastures are high in crude protein, low in fibre but very low in dry matter (Bamikole et al., 2014). On the other hand, older grasses are low in crude protein but high in fibre and dry matter (Babayemi and Bamikole, 2016). Young pastures may be low in fermentable carbohydrates or water soluble carbohydrates and high buffering solutions or capacities, making them practically difficult to ensile without injecting additives (Salawu et al., 2011; Ohba et al., 2014).

Pasture quality decreases from the young to mature stages as a result of difference in plant composition between levels of maturity. The presence of an increased proportion of plants stems, typical of older plants, may restrict access to leafy parts and force animals to consume lower quality herbage (Reiling et al., 2011). The quality of available bites is depressed when green leaf material is scarce and largely dispersed among senescent material especially in the case of older pasture for which the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) fractions increased with level of maturity. The nitrogen content (CP) of pasture also decrease from the young to mature stages. Increased pasture maturity has a negative effect on the nutritional value of Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) cv. gatton pasture (Reiling et al., 2011).

 

A major constraint to livestock production in developing countries is the scarcity and fluctuating quantity and quality of year round forage supply. (Dixon and Egan 2017) reported that during the dry season, the natural pastures and crop harvest are usually fibrous and devoid of most essential nutrients which are required for improved microbial fermentation and improved performance of the animal. This manifest in loss of weight reduced reproduction capacity and increased mortality rate. Ensiling is a potent general method for forage preservation and also a form of treatment to occasionally salvage the under-utilized pastures for better acceptability and degradability (Salawu et al., 2011; Ohba et al., 2014). Silage is one way of improving the utilization of low quality roughages. Silage production in the tropics is a sustainable means of supplementing feed for ruminants in the dry season (Babayemi and Igbekoyi, 2014).

 

The role of silage is to build up feed reserve for utilization during period of feed deficiency e.g. dry season or winter. It also acts as a routine feed supplement to increase productivity of animals; to utilize excess growth of pasture for better management and utilization. Silage making is practiced widely in intensive animal production system in temperate regions, because during the winter period, there is no high quality feed available and there is need to feed high quality feed supplement to complement available grass in order to improve production and to ensure good conditions for breeding. Silage making is useful only if the ensiled product is of good quality, that is well-preserved and of high digestibility and protein content. Quality silage is achieved when lactic acid is the predominant acid produced as it is the most efficient fermentation acid and will drop the pH of the silage the fastest (Ogunjobi et al., 2010). The faster the fermentation is complete; the more nutrients will be retained in the silage. Speed of harvesting, moisture content, length of chop, silage distribution and compaction can greatly influence the fermentation process and storage losses. 

 

Efficient fermentation ensures a more palatable and ingestible feed, which encourages optimal dry matter intake that translates into improved animal performance. It is important that bacteria responsible for production of acetic and lactic acid grow and multiply immediately after storing the forage for maximum quality haulage. Proper packaging of the silage and voiding of air provides the environment needed by bacteria to break down fibre components and sugar (Ogunjobi et al., 2010). Oxygen must be removed from the silage to maximize reproduction of acetic and lactic acid producing bacteria.

1.2   Statement of the Problem

Microbes responsible for fermentation need anaerobic conditions. As bacteria consume sugars, and product produced (acetic and lactic acid) cause the pH to drop. Quality silage is achieved when lactic acid is the predominant acid produced, as it is the most efficient fermentation acid and will drop the pH of the silage. The faster the fermentation is completed; the more nutrients will be retained in the silage. Bacteria inoculants can be added to increase the number of lactic acid producing bacteria, thus, encouraging more lactic acid production and a well-preserved forage mass (Ogunjobi et al., 2010). A critical time during the ensiling process occurs after the initial three to five days and requires some 15 to 20 days for completion (Ogunjobi et al., 2010). The success of the ensiling process is determined during two weeks, during this period there is a gradual increase in lactic acid producing bacteria which breakdown simple sugars to accelerate the fermentation process. The resultant effect of this process is the gradual drop of pH level to a range of 3.8 – 4.2 leading to further bacterial action.

Harvesting of pasture before maturity and conserving as silage provides the opportunity of getting the best for our livestock. Previous studies have reported the effect of harvesting age on the nutrient composition of grass (Oyenuga and Olubajo, 2015., Bamikole, et al., 2014). In a situation where grasses harvested prior to maturity are stored as silage there is a need to know if the nutrient content can be retained and at what age can this be best achieved. In this study therefore, the chemical component and nutritive value of fresh and ensiled Guinea grass harvested at different stages of maturity was monitored.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is to determine the effect of age of Guinea grass on the silage quality and nutritive value in West African dwarf goat (WAD). Specific objectives of this study are;

1.  To determine the chemical composition of silage produced from Guinea grass harvested at different age.

2.  To determine the in vitro gas production characteristics of ensiled Guinea grass at different ages.

  DOWNLOAD THE FULL PROJECT

EFFECT OF AGE OF GUINEA GRASS (PANICUM MAXIMUM) ON SILAGE QUALITY AND ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT (WAD)

Not The Topic You Are Looking For?



For Quick Help Chat with Us Now!

+234 814 010 7220

+233 55 397 8005


HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT ON EFFECT OF AGE OF GUINEA GRASS (PANICUM MAXIMUM) ON SILAGE QUALITY AND ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT (WAD) INSTANTLY

  • Click on the Download Button above.
  • Select any option to get the complete project immediately.
  • Chat with Our Instant Help Desk on +234 814 010 7220 for further assistance.
  • All projects on our website are well researched by professionals with high level of professionalism.

Here's what our amazing customers are saying

MATTHEW NGBEDE
Ahmadu Bello University
I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!
Excellent
Oluchi From Michael Opara University
If you are a student and you have not used iprojectmaster materials, you are missing big time! iprojectmaster is the BEST
Excellent
Abdulrahman Jibrin
Nti Abaji
Nice one work prompt delivery tanx
Very Good
Temitayo Ayodele
Obafemi Awolowo University
My friend told me about iprojectmaster website, I doubted her until I saw her download her full project instantly, I tried mine too and got it instantly, right now, am telling everyone in my school about iprojectmaster.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work
Very Good
Abdulrazak Bello Marsha
Usman Dan fodio University
It was quite a better guide for project and paper presentation purpoting. Many thanks.
Average
Abdul Mateen Iddrisu
UDS
At first I taught is a site full of fraudsters until I saw my project in my Gmail after my payment.. THANK YOU IPROJECTMASTER and May God the almighty bless u guys abundantly
Excellent
Musa From Ahmadu Bello University
Thank you iprojectmaster for saving my life, please keep it up and may God continue to bless you people.
Excellent
Stancy M
Abia State University, Uturu
I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much iprojectmaster, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...
Excellent
Emmanuel Essential
Kogi state University
I actually took the risk,you know first time stuff But i was suprised i received as requested. I love you guys 🌟 🌟 🌟 🌟
Very Good
Dau Mohammed Kabiru
Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya
This is my first time..Your service is superb. But because I was pressed for time, I became jittery when I did not receive feedbackd. I will do more business with you and I will recommend you to my friends. Thank you.
Very Good

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

How do I get this complete project on EFFECT OF AGE OF GUINEA GRASS (PANICUM MAXIMUM) ON SILAGE QUALITY AND ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT (WAD)?

Simply click on the Download button above and follow the procedure stated.

I have a fresh topic that is not on your website. How do I go about it?

How fast can I get this complete project on EFFECT OF AGE OF GUINEA GRASS (PANICUM MAXIMUM) ON SILAGE QUALITY AND ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT (WAD)?

Within 15 minutes if you want this exact project topic without adjustment

Is it a complete research project or just materials?

It is a Complete Research Project i.e Chapters 1-5, Abstract, Table of Contents, Full References, Questionnaires / Secondary Data

What if I want to change the case study for EFFECT OF AGE OF GUINEA GRASS (PANICUM MAXIMUM) ON SILAGE QUALITY AND ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT (WAD), What do i do?

Chat with Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 814 010 7220 and you will be responded to immediately

How will I get my complete project?

Your Complete Project Material will be sent to your Email Address in Ms Word document format

Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?

Yes! We can send your Complete Research Project to your WhatsApp Number

What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic i picked from your website?

Call Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 814 010 7220 and you will be responded to immediately

Do you assist students with Assignment and Project Proposal?

Yes! Call Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 814 010 7220 and you will be responded to immediately

What if i do not have any project topic idea at all?

Smiles! We've Got You Covered. Chat with us on WhatsApp Now to Get Instant Help: +234 814 010 7220

How can i trust this site?

We are well aware of fraudulent activities that have been happening on the internet. It is regrettable, but hopefully declining. However, we wish to reinstate to our esteemed clients that we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as "PRIMEDGE TECHNOLOGY". This site runs on Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), therefore all transactions on this site are HIGHLY secure and safe!